See -ę in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ję)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ję)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-е",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -е",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -е"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-e",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -ę\nPolish: -ę\nSilesian: -ã",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -ę\nPolish: -ę\nSilesian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ą"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ą",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ą"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ä"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a, -ä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a, -ä"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: -e"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: -o",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: -o"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Nominative singular ending *-ę reflects Early Proto-Slavic *-ēn, a regular reflex of a pre-form *-ent. Slavic nt-stems have no clear comparison in other Indo-European languages. It is usually compared to Latvian nouns in -ēn- which also often denote young animals with three possible theories of origin:\n* Slavic suffix *-nt- originated in Proto-Slavic, by agglutination of the inherited Balto-Slavic *-n- and a secondary suffix *-t- of obscure origin.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection exhibited ablaut, with Slavic generalizing normal grade *-en- and Baltic generalizing lengthened grade *-ēn-, with the origin of Slavic *-t- remaining unexplained.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection already contained *-nt- suffix, retained in Slavic but with Baltic generalizing the nominoaccusative stem in *-ēn < *-ent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęty",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "nt"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ę",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives."
],
"id": "en--ę-sla-pro-suffix-HudMfGVO",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ję)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ję)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-е",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -е",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -е"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-e",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Old Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -ę\nPolish: -ę\nSilesian: -ã",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -ę\nPolish: -ę\nSilesian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ą"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ą",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ą"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ä"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a, -ä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a, -ä"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: -e"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: -o",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: -o"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Nominative singular ending *-ę reflects Early Proto-Slavic *-ēn, a regular reflex of a pre-form *-ent. Slavic nt-stems have no clear comparison in other Indo-European languages. It is usually compared to Latvian nouns in -ēn- which also often denote young animals with three possible theories of origin:\n* Slavic suffix *-nt- originated in Proto-Slavic, by agglutination of the inherited Balto-Slavic *-n- and a secondary suffix *-t- of obscure origin.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection exhibited ablaut, with Slavic generalizing normal grade *-en- and Baltic generalizing lengthened grade *-ēn-, with the origin of Slavic *-t- remaining unexplained.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection already contained *-nt- suffix, retained in Slavic but with Baltic generalizing the nominoaccusative stem in *-ēn < *-ent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęty",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "nt"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ę",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic neuter suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic nt-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ę meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (aeaf2a1 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.