"čьrtъ" meaning in Proto-Slavic

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "čьrtiti"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "to carouse, to do evil",
      "word": "čьrtovati"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ],
      "word": "čьrtьcь"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "čьrtovъ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "adjective",
        "relative"
      ],
      "word": "čьrtьjь"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "чортъ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: чортъ (čortŭ)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: чортъ (čortŭ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "чорт"
          },
          "expansion": "Belarusian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Belarusian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "чёрт"
          },
          "expansion": "Russian: чёрт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Russian: чёрт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "чорт",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Bulgarian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Bulgarian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czort",
            "3": "ciort",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: czort, ciort",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: czort, ciort"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "чорт"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zle-ono",
            "2": "цьрте"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Novgorodian: цьрте (ćĭrte)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Novgorodian: цьрте (ćĭrte)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "čȓt",
            "t": "hostile spirit; animosity"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: čȓt (“hostile spirit; animosity”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: čȓt (“hostile spirit; animosity”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "črt"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: črt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: črt"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czert",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: czert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: czert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "2": "Mistřice"
          },
          "expansion": "(Mistřice)",
          "name": "a"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Moravian (Mistřice): čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Polish: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polish: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovak: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovak: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovincian: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovincian: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "cart"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: cart",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: cart; cert (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Non-Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lt",
            "2": "čartas",
            "3": "čertas",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Lithuanian: čartas, čertas",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Lithuanian: čartas, čertas"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kerė́ti",
        "t": "to bewitch"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian kerė́ti (“to bewitch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "कृत्या",
        "t": "female demon, sorceress"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit कृत्या (kṛtyā, “female demon, sorceress”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "kusy",
        "t": "devil"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish kusy (“devil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "къ́с",
        "t": "devil"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian къ́с (kǎ́s, “devil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kǫsъ",
        "t": "bitten off; short; tailless"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kǫsъ (“bitten off; short; tailless”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kyrė́ti",
        "t": "to take revenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian kyrė́ti (“to take revenge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)ker-",
        "t": "to turn, to cross"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to cross”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kerH-",
        "t": "to swing, to skip, to jump"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to jump”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*čьrnъ",
        "t": "black"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ (“black”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear. Usually two theories are proposed:\n* Past passive participle of unattested verb (nouns: *čarъ, *čara (“magic, sorcery”)) that is the exact equivalent of the Lithuanian kerė́ti (“to bewitch”). This etymology is supported by analogies, cf. *vȏrgъ (“foe, enemy; evil spirit”) > *voržiti (“to divine”). Cognate with Sanskrit कृत्या (kṛtyā, “female demon, sorceress”).\n* Past passive participle of *čerti (“to cut”). This etymology is supported by the fact that in many beliefs, evil spirits were often mutilated, cf. Polish kusy (“devil”), Bulgarian къ́с (kǎ́s, “devil”) from Proto-Slavic *kǫsъ (“bitten off; short; tailless”). Relation with *čьrta, *čara (“line”), *čersti, *čьrtiti (“to cut”) is also possible.\nOther propositions include:\n* Berneker: past passive participle of unattested verb that is the exact equivalent of the Lithuanian kyrė́ti (“to take revenge”) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to cross”) (or *ker- (“to assault”)) with literal meaning “avenger”. Bezlaj derives it from the same root, but through a different semantic shift: “astride, askew” → “evil, treacherous”.\n* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to jump”) though a semantic development “quick” → “scary, freakish”.\nModern descendants are sometimes associated through folk etymology with (descendants of) Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ (“black”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "c",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rti",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̃rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtomà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtòmъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rty",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtomь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtomà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtý",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtě̃xъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrte",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rti",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "c"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čьrtъ",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "62 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "85 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "82 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "demon, devil, evil creature"
      ],
      "id": "en-čьrtъ-sla-pro-noun-kzqjjd4U",
      "links": [
        [
          "demon",
          "demon"
        ],
        [
          "devil",
          "devil"
        ],
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ],
        [
          "creature",
          "creature"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*běsъ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "enemy, foe"
      ],
      "id": "en-čьrtъ-sla-pro-noun-Gsu9hV~L",
      "links": [
        [
          "enemy",
          "enemy"
        ],
        [
          "foe",
          "foe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(possibly) enemy, foe"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*vorgъ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "possibly",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Marko Snoj",
    "Oleg Trubachyov"
  ],
  "word": "čьrtъ"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
    "Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
    "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
    "Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
    "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm c",
    "Proto-Slavic nouns",
    "sla-pro:Mythological creatures"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "čьrtiti"
    },
    {
      "english": "to carouse, to do evil",
      "word": "čьrtovati"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ],
      "word": "čьrtьcь"
    },
    {
      "word": "čьrtovъ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "adjective",
        "relative"
      ],
      "word": "čьrtьjь"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "чортъ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: чортъ (čortŭ)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: чортъ (čortŭ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "чорт"
          },
          "expansion": "Belarusian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Belarusian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "чёрт"
          },
          "expansion": "Russian: чёрт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Russian: чёрт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "чорт",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Bulgarian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Bulgarian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czort",
            "3": "ciort",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: czort, ciort",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: czort, ciort"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "чорт"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: чорт (čort)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: чорт (čort)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zle-ono",
            "2": "цьрте"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Novgorodian: цьрте (ćĭrte)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Novgorodian: цьрте (ćĭrte)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "čȓt",
            "t": "hostile spirit; animosity"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: čȓt (“hostile spirit; animosity”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: čȓt (“hostile spirit; animosity”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "črt"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: črt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: črt"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czert",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: czert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: czert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "2": "Mistřice"
          },
          "expansion": "(Mistřice)",
          "name": "a"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Moravian (Mistřice): čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Polish: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Polish: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovak: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovak: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "czart"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovincian: czart",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovincian: czart"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "cart"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: cart",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: cart; cert (dialectal)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "čert"
          },
          "expansion": "Upper Sorbian: čert",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Upper Sorbian: čert"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Non-Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lt",
            "2": "čartas",
            "3": "čertas",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Lithuanian: čartas, čertas",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Lithuanian: čartas, čertas"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kerė́ti",
        "t": "to bewitch"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian kerė́ti (“to bewitch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "कृत्या",
        "t": "female demon, sorceress"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit कृत्या (kṛtyā, “female demon, sorceress”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "kusy",
        "t": "devil"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish kusy (“devil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "къ́с",
        "t": "devil"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian къ́с (kǎ́s, “devil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kǫsъ",
        "t": "bitten off; short; tailless"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kǫsъ (“bitten off; short; tailless”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "kyrė́ti",
        "t": "to take revenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian kyrė́ti (“to take revenge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*(s)ker-",
        "t": "to turn, to cross"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to cross”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kerH-",
        "t": "to swing, to skip, to jump"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to jump”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*čьrnъ",
        "t": "black"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ (“black”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear. Usually two theories are proposed:\n* Past passive participle of unattested verb (nouns: *čarъ, *čara (“magic, sorcery”)) that is the exact equivalent of the Lithuanian kerė́ti (“to bewitch”). This etymology is supported by analogies, cf. *vȏrgъ (“foe, enemy; evil spirit”) > *voržiti (“to divine”). Cognate with Sanskrit कृत्या (kṛtyā, “female demon, sorceress”).\n* Past passive participle of *čerti (“to cut”). This etymology is supported by the fact that in many beliefs, evil spirits were often mutilated, cf. Polish kusy (“devil”), Bulgarian къ́с (kǎ́s, “devil”) from Proto-Slavic *kǫsъ (“bitten off; short; tailless”). Relation with *čьrta, *čara (“line”), *čersti, *čьrtiti (“to cut”) is also possible.\nOther propositions include:\n* Berneker: past passive participle of unattested verb that is the exact equivalent of the Lithuanian kyrė́ti (“to take revenge”) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to cross”) (or *ker- (“to assault”)) with literal meaning “avenger”. Bezlaj derives it from the same root, but through a different semantic shift: “astride, askew” → “evil, treacherous”.\n* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to swing, to skip, to jump”) though a semantic development “quick” → “scary, freakish”.\nModern descendants are sometimes associated through folk etymology with (descendants of) Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ (“black”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "c",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rti",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̃rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtomà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtòmъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rty",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtъmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtomь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtomà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtý",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rtě",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrtě̃xъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьrte",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rta",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čь̑rti",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "c"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čьrtъ",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "demon, devil, evil creature"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "demon",
          "demon"
        ],
        [
          "devil",
          "devil"
        ],
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ],
        [
          "creature",
          "creature"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*běsъ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "enemy, foe"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "enemy",
          "enemy"
        ],
        [
          "foe",
          "foe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(possibly) enemy, foe"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*vorgъ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "possibly",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Marko Snoj",
    "Oleg Trubachyov"
  ],
  "word": "čьrtъ"
}