See támHsram in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "támisra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "तमिस्र"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"roman": "támisrā",
"sense": "dark night",
"word": "तमिस्रा"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*támHsram"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "támisra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "तमिस्र"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"roman": "támisrā",
"sense": "dark night",
"word": "तमिस्रा"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "*támHsraH"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "tąθra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "𐬙𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀"
},
{
"lang": "Khotanese",
"lang_code": "kho",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "ttāra"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "târ",
"word": "تار"
},
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "târik",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "تاریک"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "tārīk",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "tār"
},
{
"lang": "Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "tar",
"sense": "dark; darkness",
"word": "тар"
},
{
"lang": "Pashto",
"lang_code": "ps",
"roman": "tor",
"sense": "black",
"word": "تور"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*támHsram"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "ine-pro>*témHos>darkness",
"4": "ine-pro>*-rós>adjectival",
"id": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*témHos",
"4": "*témH-(e)s-ros",
"5": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þimstraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þimstraz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”), from *temH- (“to be dark”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þimstraz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāyš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrasya",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrānaHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayaw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayšu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*támHsram n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/támHsram",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian terms suffixed with *-rós",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"darkness; dark night"
],
"id": "en-támHsram-iir-pro-noun-IsXgYiVi",
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "támHsram"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "támisra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "तमिस्र"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"roman": "támisrā",
"sense": "dark night",
"word": "तमिस्रा"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*támHsram"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "támisra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "तमिस्र"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"roman": "támisrā",
"sense": "dark night",
"word": "तमिस्रा"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "*támHsraH"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "tąθra",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "𐬙𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀"
},
{
"lang": "Khotanese",
"lang_code": "kho",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "ttāra"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "târ",
"word": "تار"
},
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "târik",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "تاریک"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "tārīk",
"sense": "dark",
"word": "tār"
},
{
"lang": "Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "tar",
"sense": "dark; darkness",
"word": "тар"
},
{
"lang": "Pashto",
"lang_code": "ps",
"roman": "tor",
"sense": "black",
"word": "تور"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*támHsram"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "ine-pro>*témHos>darkness",
"4": "ine-pro>*-rós>adjectival",
"id": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*témHos",
"4": "*témH-(e)s-ros",
"5": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*þimstraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þimstraz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”), from *temH- (“to be dark”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þimstraz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsram",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāyš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrāy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsraybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrasya",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrānaHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsray",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayaw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "támHsrayšu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*támHsram n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/támHsram",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian neuter nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *temH-",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms suffixed with *-rós"
],
"glosses": [
"darkness; dark night"
],
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "támHsram"
}
Download raw JSONL data for támHsram meaning in Proto-Indo-Iranian (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-Iranian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.