See dʰrúkš in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "drúh",
"word": "द्रुह्"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dhrúk",
"word": "ध्रुक्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dʰrúk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "drúh",
"word": "द्रुह्"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dhrúk",
"word": "ध्रुक्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*druźʰás"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujəm",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "adružąm",
"word": "𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*drúxš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujəm",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "adružąm",
"word": "𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*druǰáh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "deceive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "afeq",
"3": "ine-pro>*dʰrewgʰ->root",
"id": "falsehood"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"3": "*s",
"id1": "deceive",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to deceive, mislead"
},
"expansion": "*dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) + *-s",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Leveled from earlier *dʰráwkš ~ *dʰruǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúkš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰíš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰHā́s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰHáw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrukšú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰrúkš f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dʰruǰʰ",
"2": "dʰrúǰʰ"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lie, falsehood, deceit"
],
"id": "en-dʰrúkš-iir-pro-noun-biWXSAgR",
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
],
[
"deceit",
"deceit"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 79",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian terms belonging to the root *dʰrawǰʰ-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"injury, harm"
],
"id": "en-dʰrúkš-iir-pro-noun-DAt1UgS2",
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰrúkš"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian feminine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms belonging to the root *dʰrawǰʰ-",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ-",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (deceive)",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "drúh",
"word": "द्रुह्"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dhrúk",
"word": "ध्रुक्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dʰrúk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "drúh",
"word": "द्रुह्"
},
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dhrúk",
"word": "ध्रुक्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*druźʰás"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujəm",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "adružąm",
"word": "𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*drúxš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "druj"
}
],
"lang": "Old Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "druxš",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujəm",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "drujō",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
},
{
"lang": "Book Pahlavi script",
"lang_code": "pal-Latn",
"word": "dlwc'"
},
{
"lang": "Pazend script",
"lang_code": "pal",
"roman": "drūž",
"word": "𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dorūǰ",
"sense": "Druj",
"word": "دروج"
}
],
"lang": "Classical Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "duruǰ",
"sense": "demone",
"word": "درج"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Persian",
"lang_code": "pal",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwj",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋"
},
{
"lang": "Manichaean script",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"roman": "drwxš",
"word": "𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢"
}
],
"lang": "Parthian",
"lang_code": "xpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"lang_code": "ckb",
"roman": "dirinc",
"sense": "demon, demone; monster",
"word": "درنج"
}
],
"lang": "Younger Avestan",
"lang_code": "ae",
"roman": "adružąm",
"word": "𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*druǰáh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "deceive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "afeq",
"3": "ine-pro>*dʰrewgʰ->root",
"id": "falsehood"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"3": "*s",
"id1": "deceive",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to deceive, mislead"
},
"expansion": "*dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) + *-s",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Leveled from earlier *dʰráwkš ~ *dʰruǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúkš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰíš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyā́(m)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrugbʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰHā́s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰáHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrúǰʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰruǰʰHáw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰrukšú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰrúkš f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dʰruǰʰ",
"2": "dʰrúǰʰ"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lie, falsehood, deceit"
],
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
],
[
"deceit",
"deceit"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"injury, harm"
],
"links": [
[
"injury",
"injury"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰrúkš"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰrúkš meaning in Proto-Indo-Iranian (14.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-Iranian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.