See dʰráwgʰas in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dráwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "द्रोघ",
"t": "deceitful",
"tr": "drógha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: द्रोघ (drógha, “deceitful”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: द्रोघ (drógha, “deceitful”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "द्रोह",
"tr": "dróha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: द्रोह (dróha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: द्रोह (dróha)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*dráwgah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *dráwgah",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *dráwgah (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "deceive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrówgʰos",
"t": "deception"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāsas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāsas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāyš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰasya",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰānaHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰay",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayaw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayšu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰráwgʰas n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰráwgʰas",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lie, deception"
],
"id": "en-dʰráwgʰas-iir-pro-noun-Px-hnarL",
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"deception",
"deception"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"treachery"
],
"id": "en-dʰráwgʰas-iir-pro-noun-X9evKHuU",
"links": [
[
"treachery",
"treachery"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"offence"
],
"id": "en-dʰráwgʰas-iir-pro-noun-3QTYeClx",
"links": [
[
"offence",
"offence"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰráwgʰas"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian neuter nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (deceive)",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dráwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "द्रोघ",
"t": "deceitful",
"tr": "drógha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: द्रोघ (drógha, “deceitful”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: द्रोघ (drógha, “deceitful”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "द्रोह",
"tr": "dróha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: द्रोह (dróha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: द्रोह (dróha)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*dráwgah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *dráwgah",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *dráwgah (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "deceive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrówgʰos",
"t": "deception"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāsas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāsas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāyš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰāy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰaybʰyas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰasya",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰānaHam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰay",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayaw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰráwgʰayšu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰráwgʰas n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰráwgʰas",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"lie, deception"
],
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"deception",
"deception"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"treachery"
],
"links": [
[
"treachery",
"treachery"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"offence"
],
"links": [
[
"offence",
"offence"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰráwgʰas"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰráwgʰas meaning in Proto-Indo-Iranian (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-Iranian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (3dadd05 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.