See ćwā́ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*śwā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwā́"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "श्वन्",
"tr": "śván"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: श्वन् (śván)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: श्वन् (śván) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Indo-Aryan: *śuvāṇa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra-mah",
"2": "𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡"
},
"expansion": "Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡 (suvāṇa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡 (suvāṇa)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "सुणें",
"3": "सुणा",
"4": "सुणी",
"g": "n",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Marathi: सुणें n (suṇeṃ), सुणा m (suṇā), सुणी f (suṇī)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Marathi: सुणें n (suṇeṃ), सुणा m (suṇā), सुणी f (suṇī)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kok",
"2": "सुणो"
},
"expansion": "Konkani: सुणो (suṇo)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Konkani: सुणो (suṇo)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra-mag",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Magadhi Prakrit:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Magadhi Prakrit:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bn",
"2": "শ্বাপদ"
},
"expansion": "Bengali: শ্বাপদ (śśapod)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bengali: শ্বাপদ (śśapod)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*cwā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *cwā́",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *cwā́ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱwṓ",
"4": "",
"5": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*kútah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian *kútah",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). In late Proto-Indo-Iranian, *kútas displaces this inherited word, with reflexes such as Prakrit 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta) and Proto-Iranian *kútah.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwán",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰíš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáwš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwáni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáwš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwasú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*ćwā́ m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ćun",
"3": "ćwón",
"nomsg": "ćwā́"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćwā́",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dog"
],
"id": "en-ćwā́-iir-pro-noun-zWNX792W",
"links": [
[
"dog",
"dog"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ćwā́"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*śwā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwā́"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "श्वन्",
"tr": "śván"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: श्वन् (śván)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: श्वन् (śván) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Indo-Aryan: *śuvāṇa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra-mah",
"2": "𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡"
},
"expansion": "Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡 (suvāṇa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀸𑀡 (suvāṇa)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "सुणें",
"3": "सुणा",
"4": "सुणी",
"g": "n",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "f"
},
"expansion": "Old Marathi: सुणें n (suṇeṃ), सुणा m (suṇā), सुणी f (suṇī)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Marathi: सुणें n (suṇeṃ), सुणा m (suṇā), सुणी f (suṇī)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kok",
"2": "सुणो"
},
"expansion": "Konkani: सुणो (suṇo)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Konkani: सुणो (suṇo)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra-mag",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Magadhi Prakrit:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Magadhi Prakrit:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bn",
"2": "শ্বাপদ"
},
"expansion": "Bengali: শ্বাপদ (śśapod)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bengali: শ্বাপদ (śśapod)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*cwā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *cwā́",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *cwā́ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱwṓ",
"4": "",
"5": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*kútah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian *kútah",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). In late Proto-Indo-Iranian, *kútas displaces this inherited word, with reflexes such as Prakrit 𑀓𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (kutta) and Proto-Iranian *kútah.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "iir-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwán",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwā́nāw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰíš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-bʰyā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwabʰyáH",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunás",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáwš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwáni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćunáwš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćwasú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*ćwā́ m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ćun",
"3": "ćwón",
"nomsg": "ćwā́"
},
"name": "iir-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćwā́",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian masculine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian nouns",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"iir-pro:Mammals"
],
"glosses": [
"dog"
],
"links": [
[
"dog",
"dog"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ćwā́"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ćwā́ meaning in Proto-Indo-Iranian (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-Iranian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.