See témHos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemaz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemazą"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemarą"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "*támHas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "by accident",
"word": "temere"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"sense": "in darkness, blindly",
"word": "*temezi"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "*temH->dark",
"4": "*-os>deverbal suffix",
"id": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*temH-",
"3": "*-os",
"id2": "athematic",
"t1": "to be dark"
},
"expansion": "*temH- (“to be dark”) + *-os",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *temH- (“to be dark”) + *-os.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "témHes-",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "oblique stem",
"6": "*témHes-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*témHos n (oblique stem *témHes-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "témHos",
"2": "témHes",
"ac": "acrostatic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/témHos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *temH-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (athematic)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*témH-es-los (“dark; darkness”)",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "temeslos"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *þimstraz; Proto-West Germanic",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "þimstr"
},
{
"english": "hell",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHsram (“darkness, dark night”) (see there for further descendants)",
"translation": "hell",
"word": "→ Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu"
},
{
"english": "darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *temazrā f (“darkness”)",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants",
"word": "tenebrae"
}
],
"glosses": [
"darkness"
],
"id": "en-témHos-ine-pro-noun-FCcr02HJ",
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*h₁régʷos"
},
{
"word": "*(s)ḱeh₃ih₂"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "témHos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*témH-es-los (“dark; darkness”)",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "temeslos"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *þimstraz; Proto-West Germanic",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "þimstr"
},
{
"english": "hell",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *támHsram (“darkness, dark night”) (see there for further descendants)",
"translation": "hell",
"word": "→ Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu"
},
{
"english": "darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *temazrā f (“darkness”)",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"translation": "darkness; shadow of death, gloom; see there for further descendants",
"word": "tenebrae"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemaz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemazą"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmer"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dämmerung"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "demere"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"sense": "dusk",
"word": "demar"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*þimr"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*þemarą"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"sense": "darkness",
"word": "*támHas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "by accident",
"word": "temere"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"sense": "in darkness, blindly",
"word": "*temezi"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "*temH->dark",
"4": "*-os>deverbal suffix",
"id": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*temH-",
"3": "*-os",
"id2": "athematic",
"t1": "to be dark"
},
"expansion": "*temH- (“to be dark”) + *-os",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *temH- (“to be dark”) + *-os.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "témHes-",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "témHesbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "oblique stem",
"6": "*témHes-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*témHos n (oblique stem *témHes-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "témHos",
"2": "témHes",
"ac": "acrostatic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/témHos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European acrostatic neuter s-stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European neuter nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *temH-",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (athematic)",
"ine-pro:Light"
],
"glosses": [
"darkness"
],
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*h₁régʷos"
},
{
"word": "*(s)ḱeh₃ih₂"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "témHos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for témHos meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.