See spḗr in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*spḗr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ψήρ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Ionic"
},
"expansion": "(Ionic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "spḗr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "spéres",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spér",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spéres",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spérm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sprés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "spróHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sprés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spréy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spér",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spéri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spréh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*spḗr m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "spér",
"2": "spr̥",
"ac": "hysterokinetic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/spḗr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "ṣpār"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "ṣpārāñ"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"word": "ṣpāra"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*spór(h₂)-w-ō ~ *spór(h₂)w-en-",
"word": "sparwô"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*spór(h₂)-w-o-s",
"word": "sparwaz"
},
{
"english": "kind of bird (of ill omen)",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *parezā",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "parra"
},
{
"english": "certain bird",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *parezā",
"word": "parfa"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Breton: frao; Breton",
"word": "fraw"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”) (Dybo's law)",
"tags": [
"Cornish"
],
"word": "frau"
},
{
"english": "sparrow",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spurg-",
"word": "⇒ Old Prussian: spurglis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sparrow"
],
"id": "en-spḗr-ine-pro-noun-BFTVJ6f6",
"links": [
[
"sparrow",
"sparrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "spḗr"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "ṣpār"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "ṣpārāñ"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)",
"word": "ṣpāra"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*spór(h₂)-w-ō ~ *spór(h₂)w-en-",
"word": "sparwô"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*spór(h₂)-w-o-s",
"word": "sparwaz"
},
{
"english": "kind of bird (of ill omen)",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *parezā",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "parra"
},
{
"english": "certain bird",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *parezā",
"word": "parfa"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Breton: frao; Breton",
"word": "fraw"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”) (Dybo's law)",
"tags": [
"Cornish"
],
"word": "frau"
},
{
"english": "sparrow",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spurg-",
"word": "⇒ Old Prussian: spurglis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*spḗr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ψήρ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Ionic"
},
"expansion": "(Ionic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "spḗr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "spéres",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spér",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spéres",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "spérm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spérh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spérm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sprés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "spróHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sprés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spréy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spér",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spéri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spréh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spr̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*spḗr m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "spér",
"2": "spr̥",
"ac": "hysterokinetic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/spḗr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European hysterokinetic root nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European masculine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European terms with unknown etymologies",
"ine-pro:True sparrows"
],
"glosses": [
"sparrow"
],
"links": [
[
"sparrow",
"sparrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "spḗr"
}
Download raw JSONL data for spḗr meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.