"só" meaning in Proto-Indo-European

See in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Pronoun

Etymology: In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative. Etymology templates: {{etymon|ine-pro|id=this}} Head templates: {{head|ine-pro|pronoun|head=*só ~ *tó-}} *só ~ *tó- Inflection templates: {{ine-decl-pron|tó|f_nom_sg=séh₂|m_nom_sg=só}} Forms: só ~ *tó- [canonical], no-table-tags [table-tags], [nominative, singular], tóh₁ [dual, nominative], tóy [nominative, plural], tóm [accusative, singular], tóh₁ [accusative, dual], tóms [accusative, plural], tósyo [genitive, singular], - [dual, genitive], tóysoHom [genitive, plural], tósmead [ablative, singular], - [ablative, dual], tóymos [ablative, plural], tóybʰos [ablative, plural], tósmey [dative, singular], - [dative, dual], tóymos [dative, plural], tóybʰos [dative, plural], tósmi [locative, singular], - [dual, locative], tóysu [locative, plural], tónoh₁ [instrumental, singular], - [dual, instrumental], tṓys [instrumental, plural], séh₂ [nominative, singular], - [dual, nominative], téh₂es [nominative, plural], tā́m [accusative, singular], - [accusative, dual], téh₂m̥s [accusative, plural], tósyeh₂s [genitive, singular], téh₂soHom [genitive, plural], tósyeh₂s [ablative, singular], téh₂mos [ablative, plural], téh₂bʰos [ablative, plural], tósyeh₂ey [dative, singular], téh₂mos [dative, plural], téh₂bʰos [dative, plural], tósyeh₂ [locative, singular], téh₂su [locative, plural], téh₂h₁ [instrumental, singular], téh₂eh₁ [instrumental, singular], téh₂mis [instrumental, plural], téh₂bʰis [instrumental, plural], tód [nominative, singular], tóy [dual, nominative], téh₂ [nominative, plural], tód [accusative, singular], tóy [accusative, dual], téh₂ [accusative, plural]
  1. this Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-só-ine-pro-pron-HreWAkEe Categories (other): Proto-Indo-European pronouns Disambiguation of Proto-Indo-European pronouns: 50 50
  2. that Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-só-ine-pro-pron-jn~AI2r0 Categories (other): Proto-Indo-European pronouns Disambiguation of Proto-Indo-European pronouns: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 0 0 Disambiguation of Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 Derived forms: tó-ti (english: so many; see there for further descendants), s-ih₂ (english: feminine nom.sg.; see there for further descendants) Derived forms (*tó-r (“there”)): þar (english: see there for further descendants) Derived forms (Middle Welsh: talu; Welsh): talu Derived forms (Proto-Balto-Slavic): toliko (english: see there for further descendants) [Proto-Slavic] Derived forms (Proto-Brythonic): tal [Cornish], tyli [Cornish] Derived forms (Proto-Brythonic; Old Breton): tal Derived forms (Proto-Hellenic): τῆος (têos) [Ancient-Greek], τέως (téōs) [Ancient-Greek] Derived forms (Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos): τᾱλίκος (tālíkos) [Ancient-Greek], τηλίκος (tēlíkos) [Ancient-Greek] Derived forms (Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis): तर्हि (tárhi) [Sanskrit] Derived forms (Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats): तावत् (tāvat) [Sanskrit] Derived forms (Proto-Italic: *tālis): tālis (english: see there for further descendants) [Latin] Derived forms (Proto-Slavic: *toli): tyle (english: influenced by ile) [Polish], толь (tolʹ) [Russian] Disambiguation of '*tó-r (“there”)': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Middle Welsh: talu; Welsh': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Balto-Slavic': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Brythonic': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Brythonic; Old Breton': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Hellenic': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Italic: *tālis': 0 0 Disambiguation of 'Proto-Slavic: *toli': 0 0
{
  "categories": [
    {
      "_dis": "0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    },
    {
      "_dis": "0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
      "parents": [
        "Entries with incorrect language header",
        "Entry maintenance"
      ],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "*tó-r (“there”)",
      "word": "þar"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "tárhi",
      "sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis",
      "tags": [
        "Sanskrit"
      ],
      "word": "तर्हि"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "so many; see there for further descendants",
      "word": "tó-ti"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "feminine nom.sg.; see there for further descendants",
      "word": "s-ih₂"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "influenced by ile",
      "sense": "Proto-Slavic: *toli",
      "tags": [
        "Polish"
      ],
      "word": "tyle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "tolʹ",
      "sense": "Proto-Slavic: *toli",
      "tags": [
        "Russian"
      ],
      "word": "толь"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic; Old Breton",
      "word": "tal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "tags": [
        "Cornish"
      ],
      "word": "tal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "tags": [
        "Cornish"
      ],
      "word": "tyli"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "sense": "Middle Welsh: talu; Welsh",
      "word": "talu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "Proto-Italic: *tālis",
      "tags": [
        "Latin"
      ],
      "word": "tālis"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
      "tags": [
        "Proto-Slavic"
      ],
      "word": "toliko"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "tālíkos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τᾱλίκος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "tēlíkos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τηλίκος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "têos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τῆος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "téōs",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τέως"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "tāvat",
      "sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats",
      "tags": [
        "Sanskrit"
      ],
      "word": "तावत्"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Albanian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sqj-pro",
            "2": "*tan-"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *tan-",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Albanian: *tan-"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tanë"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tanë",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tanë (“Gheg”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tërë"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tërë",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tërë"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sqj-pro",
            "2": "*te-k(u)"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tek",
            "tr": "at"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tek (at)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tek (at)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "te"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: te",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: te"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Armenian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xcl",
            "2": "*դո-"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
            "2": "*tas"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "*so"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *so",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gem-pro",
            "2": "*sa",
            "3": "*þan",
            "4": "*þus",
            "5": "*þau"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grk-pro",
            "2": "*ho"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ho",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ho"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grc",
            "10": "τότε",
            "2": "ὁ",
            "3": "ἡ",
            "4": "τό",
            "5": "ὡς",
            "6": "αὐτός",
            "7": "ὅδε",
            "8": "ὁδί",
            "9": "οὗτος"
          },
          "expansion": "Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηλίκος (tēlíkos), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "itc-pro",
            "2": "*so",
            "3": "*sei",
            "pos2": "locative singular",
            "qq1": "as a whole pronoun"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "sī",
            "3": "sic",
            "4": "tum",
            "5": "tam",
            "6": "iste",
            "7": "ita",
            "8": "ut"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osc",
            "2": "𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝"
          },
          "expansion": "Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "iir-pro",
            "2": "*sá",
            "3": "*sáH",
            "4": "*tád"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "id": "this"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "só ~ *tó-",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ine-decl-pron",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "só",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóms",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóysoHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmead",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóymos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóybʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóymos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóybʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóysu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tónoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tṓys",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "séh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂es",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tā́m",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂m̥s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂soHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂ey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂su",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂h₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂eh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tód",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tód",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "*só ~ *tó-"
      },
      "expansion": "*só ~ *tó-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tó",
        "f_nom_sg": "séh₂",
        "m_nom_sg": "só"
      },
      "name": "ine-decl-pron"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
  "lang_code": "ine-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Indo-European pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "this"
      ],
      "id": "en-só-ine-pro-pron-HreWAkEe",
      "links": [
        [
          "this",
          "this"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Indo-European pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "that"
      ],
      "id": "en-só-ine-pro-pron-jn~AI2r0",
      "links": [
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
  ],
  "word": "só"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
    "Proto-Indo-European pronouns"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "*tó-r (“there”)",
      "word": "þar"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tárhi",
      "sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis",
      "tags": [
        "Sanskrit"
      ],
      "word": "तर्हि"
    },
    {
      "english": "so many; see there for further descendants",
      "word": "tó-ti"
    },
    {
      "english": "influenced by ile",
      "sense": "Proto-Slavic: *toli",
      "tags": [
        "Polish"
      ],
      "word": "tyle"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tolʹ",
      "sense": "Proto-Slavic: *toli",
      "tags": [
        "Russian"
      ],
      "word": "толь"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic; Old Breton",
      "word": "tal"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "tags": [
        "Cornish"
      ],
      "word": "tal"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
      "tags": [
        "Cornish"
      ],
      "word": "tyli"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Middle Welsh: talu; Welsh",
      "word": "talu"
    },
    {
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "Proto-Italic: *tālis",
      "tags": [
        "Latin"
      ],
      "word": "tālis"
    },
    {
      "english": "see there for further descendants",
      "sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
      "tags": [
        "Proto-Slavic"
      ],
      "word": "toliko"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tālíkos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τᾱλίκος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tēlíkos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τηλίκος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "têos",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τῆος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "téōs",
      "sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
      "tags": [
        "Ancient-Greek"
      ],
      "word": "τέως"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tāvat",
      "sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats",
      "tags": [
        "Sanskrit"
      ],
      "word": "तावत्"
    },
    {
      "english": "feminine nom.sg.; see there for further descendants",
      "word": "s-ih₂"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Albanian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sqj-pro",
            "2": "*tan-"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *tan-",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Albanian: *tan-"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tanë"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tanë",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tanë (“Gheg”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tërë"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tërë",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tërë"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sqj-pro",
            "2": "*te-k(u)"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "tek",
            "tr": "at"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: tek (at)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: tek (at)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "te"
          },
          "expansion": "Albanian: te",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Albanian: te"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Armenian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xcl",
            "2": "*դո-"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
            "2": "*tas"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "*so"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *so",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gem-pro",
            "2": "*sa",
            "3": "*þan",
            "4": "*þus",
            "5": "*þau"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grk-pro",
            "2": "*ho"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ho",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ho"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grc",
            "10": "τότε",
            "2": "ὁ",
            "3": "ἡ",
            "4": "τό",
            "5": "ὡς",
            "6": "αὐτός",
            "7": "ὅδε",
            "8": "ὁδί",
            "9": "οὗτος"
          },
          "expansion": "Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηλίκος (tēlíkos), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "itc-pro",
            "2": "*so",
            "3": "*sei",
            "pos2": "locative singular",
            "qq1": "as a whole pronoun"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "sī",
            "3": "sic",
            "4": "tum",
            "5": "tam",
            "6": "iste",
            "7": "ita",
            "8": "ut"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osc",
            "2": "𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝"
          },
          "expansion": "Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "iir-pro",
            "2": "*sá",
            "3": "*sáH",
            "4": "*tád"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "id": "this"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "só ~ *tó-",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ine-decl-pron",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "só",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóms",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóysoHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmead",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóymos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóybʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóymos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóybʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósmi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóysu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tónoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tṓys",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "séh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂es",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tā́m",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂m̥s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂soHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂s",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂ey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tósyeh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂su",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂h₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂eh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂mis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂bʰis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tód",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tód",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "tóy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "téh₂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "*só ~ *tó-"
      },
      "expansion": "*só ~ *tó-",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tó",
        "f_nom_sg": "séh₂",
        "m_nom_sg": "só"
      },
      "name": "ine-decl-pron"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
  "lang_code": "ine-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "this"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "this",
          "this"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "that"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
  ],
  "word": "só"
}

Download raw JSONL data for só meaning in Proto-Indo-European (10.7kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (74c5344 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.