See pnew- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*pnéwō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πνέω",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fneusaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fnuzzōną",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "pfnurren"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: pfnurren",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: pfnurren"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hnerra"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hnerra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hnerra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hneusaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*pnḗwhe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπνευσε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"alt": "*pnewa",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"alt": "*pnyj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: *pnyj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: *pnyj"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "fryj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: fryj",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< earlier *fnyj"
},
"expansion": "(< earlier *fnyj)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*kšnauš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्षवः",
"t": "sneezing"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*xšnauš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzn",
"2": "اشنافه",
"t": "sneeze",
"tr": "ëšnâfe"
},
"expansion": "Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kurdish:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "hênijîn",
"t": "to sneeze"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-",
"t": "sneeze",
"ts": "šnōšag"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phlv",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "šnwšk'"
},
"expansion": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "breathe",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely onomatopoeic.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pnew-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to breathe, gasp"
],
"id": "en-pnew--ine-pro-root-eaUisSPu",
"links": [
[
"breathe",
"breathe"
],
[
"gasp",
"gasp"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeias",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to snort, sneeze"
],
"id": "en-pnew--ine-pro-root-LerMnTr1",
"links": [
[
"snort",
"snort"
],
[
"sneeze",
"sneeze"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "pnew-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CReR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeias",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*pnéwō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πνέω",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fneusaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fnuzzōną",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "pfnurren"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: pfnurren",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: pfnurren"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hnerra"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hnerra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hnerra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hneusaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*pnḗwhe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπνευσε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pnéw-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"alt": "*pnewa",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"alt": "*pnyj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: *pnyj",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: *pnyj"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "fryj"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: fryj",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< earlier *fnyj"
},
"expansion": "(< earlier *fnyj)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*kšnauš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्षवः",
"t": "sneezing"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*xšnauš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzn",
"2": "اشنافه",
"t": "sneeze",
"tr": "ëšnâfe"
},
"expansion": "Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kurdish:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "hênijîn",
"t": "to sneeze"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-",
"t": "sneeze",
"ts": "šnōšag"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: (/šnōšag/, “sneeze”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phlv",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "šnwšk'"
},
"expansion": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "breathe",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "onomatopoeic",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely onomatopoeic.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pnew-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"ine-pro:Air",
"ine-pro:Bodily functions"
],
"glosses": [
"to breathe, gasp"
],
"links": [
[
"breathe",
"breathe"
],
[
"gasp",
"gasp"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to snort, sneeze"
],
"links": [
[
"snort",
"snort"
],
[
"sneeze",
"sneeze"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "pnew-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pnew- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.