See per- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér (“through”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per, per-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*péri</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or from *péri)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *per és"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*parás",
"t": "beyond, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*parás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परस्",
"tr": "parás"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*paráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae"
},
"expansion": "Avestan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇"
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "on the other side (of)",
"ts": "para"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with locative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-i</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with locative suffix *-i)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to pass through"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*párah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *párah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *párah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"pos": "first part of compounds",
"t": "higher, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priismos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ri",
"pos": "prep., triggers eclipsis",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with variants <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">re</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">ré</i> from umlaut before o or a"
},
"expansion": "(with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with allative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-o</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with allative suffix *-o)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-sth₂-o/i-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pírštan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fyrst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fyrst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fyrst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: first",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: first"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "virst"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: virst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: virst"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "First"
},
"expansion": "German: First",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: First"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥štʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "postis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: postis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from *po-sth₂-i-"
},
"expansion": "(or from *po-sth₂-i-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-",
"3": "հեռի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:before",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers",
"parents": [
"Ordinal numbers",
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-p5N7ZLjK",
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁",
"der": "1",
"pos": "1sg.aor.subj.",
"ts": "frafraʼā"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "thematized; + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*fra-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(thematized; + *fra-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *(s)per- (“to fly”))",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌",
"der": "1",
"pos": "3pl.",
"t": "to lead to"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+ <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ni-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(+ *ni-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti "
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα",
"t": "trial, experiment"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 0 50 16 16 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 0 59 17 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 0 70 6 5 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 0 82 6 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 0 82 6 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:go_forth",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-LVic7ohY",
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-KZ0zmd5y",
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եհար",
"pos": "3sg.aor. of <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pertei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pèrt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pèrt",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. peŗu"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. peŗu)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per̃ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per̃ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. periù"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. periù)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. *perǫ"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. *perǫ)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ուռն",
"t": "hammer",
"unc": "on"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*par-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥t-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"2": "पृत्",
"tr": "pṛ́t"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*part-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "reanalyzed root"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to beat"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:beat",
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:beat"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér (“through”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per, per-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*péri</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or from *péri)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *per és"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*parás",
"t": "beyond, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*parás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परस्",
"tr": "parás"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*paráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae"
},
"expansion": "Avestan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇"
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "on the other side (of)",
"ts": "para"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with locative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-i</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with locative suffix *-i)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to pass through"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*párah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *párah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *párah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"pos": "first part of compounds",
"t": "higher, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priismos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ri",
"pos": "prep., triggers eclipsis",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with variants <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">re</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">ré</i> from umlaut before o or a"
},
"expansion": "(with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with allative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-o</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with allative suffix *-o)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-sth₂-o/i-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pírštan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fyrst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fyrst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fyrst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: first",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: first"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "virst"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: virst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: virst"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "First"
},
"expansion": "German: First",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: First"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥štʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "postis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: postis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from *po-sth₂-i-"
},
"expansion": "(or from *po-sth₂-i-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-",
"3": "հեռի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers"
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁",
"der": "1",
"pos": "1sg.aor.subj.",
"ts": "frafraʼā"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "thematized; + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*fra-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(thematized; + *fra-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *(s)per- (“to fly”))",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌",
"der": "1",
"pos": "3pl.",
"t": "to lead to"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+ <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ni-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(+ *ni-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti "
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα",
"t": "trial, experiment"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եհար",
"pos": "3sg.aor. of <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pertei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pèrt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pèrt",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. peŗu"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. peŗu)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per̃ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per̃ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. periù"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. periù)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. *perǫ"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. *perǫ)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ուռն",
"t": "hammer",
"unc": "on"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*par-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥t-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"2": "पृत्",
"tr": "pṛ́t"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*part-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "reanalyzed root"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to beat"
],
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:beat"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for per- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (36.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (813e02a and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.