See per- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for per- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (38.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-i (locative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*per(i)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *per(i)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *per(i)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "për"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: për",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: për"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*firi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *firi-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περί (perí)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परि",
"tr": "pári"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परि (pári)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)\n→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)\n→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πάρ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*preti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "pret"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian: pret",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pret"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pret",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*proti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *proti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "проти́в"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: проти́в (protív)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "proti"
},
"expansion": "Czech: proti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: proti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "przeciw"
},
"expansion": "Polish: przeciw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: przeciw"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "против"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: против (protiv)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: против (protiv)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "про́ти"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "про́тив"
},
"expansion": "Russian: про́тив (prótiv)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: про́тив (prótiv)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "про̏тив",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: про̏тив",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: про̏тив"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "prȍtiv",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: prȍtiv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: prȍtiv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "προτί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: προτί (protí)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*práti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*práti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्रति",
"tr": "práti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्रति (práti)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pati-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pati-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pati-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *pr-e-ti-om"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pretjom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pretjom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pretjom"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pretium"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pretium",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Luwic: *prī"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒉺𒊑𒄿",
"ts": "pri"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-ola",
"2": "prī"
},
"expansion": "Old Latin: prī",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Latin: prī"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*prei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei\nLatvian: prie-, pie-, pie\nLithuanian: priẽ, príe-\nOld Prussian: prei\nProto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei\nLatvian: prie-, pie-, pie\nLithuanian: priẽ, príe-\nOld Prussian: prei\nProto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priisemos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-n-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-is-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furistaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*frumô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *frumô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pratʰamás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:before",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers",
"parents": [
"Ordinal numbers",
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-p5N7ZLjK",
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπορον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)\nUmbrian: [script needed] (pertome)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)\nUmbrian: [script needed] (pertome)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 53 22 25 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 83 8 9 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 84 8 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 84 8 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:go_forth",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-LVic7ohY",
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-h₃-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:try",
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:try"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pórnē"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρνη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)\nGreek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)\n⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)\nArmenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)\nGreek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)\n⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)\nArmenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρνημι"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πιπράσκω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pars"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pars",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "portiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: portiō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pār"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pār",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sell"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:sell",
"links": [
[
"sell",
"sell"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:sell"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-i (locative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*per(i)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *per(i)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *per(i)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "për"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: për",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: për"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*firi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *firi-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περί (perí)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परि",
"tr": "pári"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परि (pári)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pári"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pári",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pári"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)\n→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)\n→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pára"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pára",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pára"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πάρ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*preti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "pret"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian: pret",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pret"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pret",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*proti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *proti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "проти́в"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: проти́в (protív)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "proti"
},
"expansion": "Czech: proti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: proti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "przeciw"
},
"expansion": "Polish: przeciw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: przeciw"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "против"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: против (protiv)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: против (protiv)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "про́ти"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "про́тив"
},
"expansion": "Russian: про́тив (prótiv)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: про́тив (prótiv)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "про̏тив",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: про̏тив",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: про̏тив"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "prȍtiv",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: prȍtiv",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: prȍtiv"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "προτί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: προτί (protí)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*práti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*práti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्रति",
"tr": "práti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्रति (práti)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pati-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pati-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pati-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *pr-e-ti-om"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pretjom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pretjom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pretjom"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pretium"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pretium",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Luwic: *prī"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒉺𒊑𒄿",
"ts": "pri"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/pri/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-ola",
"2": "prī"
},
"expansion": "Old Latin: prī",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Latin: prī"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*prei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei\nLatvian: prie-, pie-, pie\nLithuanian: priẽ, príe-\nOld Prussian: prei\nProto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei\nLatvian: prie-, pie-, pie\nLithuanian: priẽ, príe-\nOld Prussian: prei\nProto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priisemos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-n-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-is-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furistaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*frumô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *frumô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pratʰamás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers"
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἔπορον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)\nUmbrian: [script needed] (pertome)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)\nUmbrian: [script needed] (pertome)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-h₃-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:try"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-eh₂-yé-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pórnē"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρνη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)\nGreek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)\n⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)\nArmenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)\nGreek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)\n⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)\nArmenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρνημι"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πιπράσκω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pars"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pars",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "portiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: portiō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pār"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pār",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sell"
],
"links": [
[
"sell",
"sell"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:sell"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-07-20 using wiktextract (0af6c06 and 6aeea9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.