See léwks in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*leuxs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *leuxs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *leuxs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "leux"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: leux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: leux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*rúkš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*rúkṣ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रुच्",
"pos": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*rúxš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *rúxš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *rúxš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "-",
"t": "light, red"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: (“light, red”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: (“light, red”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os-dig",
"2": "рохс"
},
"expansion": "Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os-iro",
"2": "рухс"
},
"expansion": "Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "رخش",
"t": "light",
"tr": "roxš"
},
"expansion": "Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*louks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *louks",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *louks (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*lewk-",
"3": "*s",
"pos2": "root nominal suffix",
"t1": "bright; to shine"
},
"expansion": "*lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "léwks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "léwk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lukóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukéy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "léwk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "luksú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukéh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*léwks f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "léwk",
"2": "luk"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/léwks",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"id": "en-léwks-ine-pro-noun-macCYXLU",
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "léwks"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*leuxs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *leuxs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *leuxs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "leux"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: leux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: leux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*rúkš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rúkš"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*rúkṣ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rúkṣ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रुच्",
"pos": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*rúxš"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *rúxš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *rúxš"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "-",
"t": "light, red"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: (“light, red”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: (“light, red”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os-dig",
"2": "рохс"
},
"expansion": "Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Digor Ossetian: рохс (roxs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os-iro",
"2": "рухс"
},
"expansion": "Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Iron Ossetian: рухс (ruxs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "رخش",
"t": "light",
"tr": "roxš"
},
"expansion": "Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: رخش (roxš, “light”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*louks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *louks",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *louks (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*lewk-",
"3": "*s",
"pos2": "root nominal suffix",
"t1": "bright; to shine"
},
"expansion": "*lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "léwks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "léwk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "léwkm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lukóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukéy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "léwk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "léwki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "luksú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukéh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "lukmís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lukbʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*léwks f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "léwk",
"2": "luk"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/léwks",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European athematic nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European feminine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s"
],
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "léwks"
}
Download raw JSONL data for léwks meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.