See h₂ep- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hā́ps"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*āp",
"t": "water, river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "āp"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: āp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: āp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "āp"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: āp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: āp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*Hebo",
"t": "river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒉺𒀸",
"pos": "nom.sg.",
"t": "river",
"tr": "ḫa-pa-aš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒄩𒀀𒉿",
"tr": "ha-a-pi",
"ts": "hāpi-, hāpa-"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlc",
"2": "𐊜𐊂𐊀"
},
"expansion": "Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸",
"tr": "ḫa-a-ap-na-aš",
"ts": "hāpna-"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*abū",
"t": "river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*apô",
"t": "water sprite” → “ape, monkey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*abnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *abnā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *abnā"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "amë",
"t": "spring, source of spring"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "amnis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: amnis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: amnis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "abnis"
},
"expansion": "Lusitanian: abnis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lusitanian: abnis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ep-sru-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հաւառի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ēp-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *āpā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "upe",
"t": "brook, river"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "ùpė",
"t": "brook, river"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "ape"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: ape",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "apus",
"t": "spring"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vapa",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *vapa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *vapa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "вапа"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"water, body of water"
],
"id": "en-h₂ep--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:water",
"links": [
[
"water",
"water"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:water"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "h₂ékʷeh₂"
},
{
"word": "wódr̥"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₂ep-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒍣",
"t": "to join, attach",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-zi",
"ts": "ḫaptsi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem ḫapp-"
},
"expansion": "(stem ḫapp-)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zi"
},
"expansion": "ᶻⁱ",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*áptō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *áptō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *áptō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἅπτω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἁφή",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "grip; (sense of) touch"
},
"expansion": "⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*ápmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἅμμα",
"t": "knot, chain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os",
"nolb": "1",
"pos": "s-stem",
"t": "joint; limb, member",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": ">? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem), *h₂ép-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬",
"der": "1",
"t": "limb, joint, part of the body",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar",
"ts": "ḫappeššar"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭",
"t": "limb, member",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ափ",
"t": "palm (of the hand); handful",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)\nArmenian: ափ (apʻ)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)\nArmenian: ափ (apʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*ápsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄψος",
"3": "ἅψος",
"t2": "joint; (pl.) limbs"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas",
"t": "protruding part of the body"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अप्सस्",
"t": "front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "ӕфцӕг",
"t": "protruding part, neck"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "āpsā",
"t": "minor limbs"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂p-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*aptós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *aptós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *aptós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄαπτος",
"alt": "ἄ-απτος",
"der": "1",
"t": "untouched"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*aptos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *aptos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *aptos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "aptus",
"t": "connected, fitting, fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հափափեմ",
"t": "to kidnap",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "հափափել"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*apeks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *apeks",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *apeks"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "apex",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: apex",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European HeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to join, attach, fasten, fit"
],
"id": "en-h₂ep--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:join",
"links": [
[
"join",
"join"
],
[
"attach",
"attach"
],
[
"fasten",
"fasten"
],
[
"fit",
"fit"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:join"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "h₂ep-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European HeC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hā́ps"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*āp",
"t": "water, river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "āp"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: āp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: āp"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "āp"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: āp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: āp"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*Hebo",
"t": "river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *Hebo (“river”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒉺𒀸",
"pos": "nom.sg.",
"t": "river",
"tr": "ḫa-pa-aš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒄩𒀀𒉿",
"tr": "ha-a-pi",
"ts": "hāpi-, hāpa-"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlc",
"2": "𐊜𐊂𐊀"
},
"expansion": "Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸",
"tr": "ḫa-a-ap-na-aš",
"ts": "hāpna-"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*abū",
"t": "river"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*apô",
"t": "water sprite” → “ape, monkey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*abnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *abnā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *abnā"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "amë",
"t": "spring, source of spring"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "amnis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: amnis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: amnis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "abnis"
},
"expansion": "Lusitanian: abnis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lusitanian: abnis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ep-sru-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հաւառի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ēp-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *āpā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀"
},
"expansion": "Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "upe",
"t": "brook, river"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "ùpė",
"t": "brook, river"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "ape"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: ape",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "apus",
"t": "spring"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vapa",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *vapa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *vapa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "вапа"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"ine-pro:Water"
],
"glosses": [
"water, body of water"
],
"links": [
[
"water",
"water"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:water"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "h₂ékʷeh₂"
},
{
"word": "wódr̥"
}
],
"word": "h₂ep-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European HeC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒍣",
"t": "to join, attach",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-zi",
"ts": "ḫaptsi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem ḫapp-"
},
"expansion": "(stem ḫapp-)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zi"
},
"expansion": "ᶻⁱ",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*áptō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *áptō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *áptō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἅπτω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἁφή",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "grip; (sense of) touch"
},
"expansion": "⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂ép-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*ápmə"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἅμμα",
"t": "knot, chain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os",
"nolb": "1",
"pos": "s-stem",
"t": "joint; limb, member",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": ">? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem), *h₂ép-s-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬",
"der": "1",
"t": "limb, joint, part of the body",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar",
"ts": "ḫappeššar"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭",
"t": "limb, member",
"tr": "ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ափ",
"t": "palm (of the hand); handful",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)\nArmenian: ափ (apʻ)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)\nArmenian: ափ (apʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*ápsos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄψος",
"3": "ἅψος",
"t2": "joint; (pl.) limbs"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas",
"t": "protruding part of the body"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अप्सस्",
"t": "front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*Hápsas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "ӕфцӕг",
"t": "protruding part, neck"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "āpsā",
"t": "minor limbs"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂p-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"alt": "*aptós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *aptós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *aptós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄαπτος",
"alt": "ἄ-απτος",
"der": "1",
"t": "untouched"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*aptos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *aptos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *aptos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "aptus",
"t": "connected, fitting, fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հափափեմ",
"t": "to kidnap",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "հափափել"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"alt": "*apeks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *apeks",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *apeks"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "apex",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: apex",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to join, attach, fasten, fit"
],
"links": [
[
"join",
"join"
],
[
"attach",
"attach"
],
[
"fasten",
"fasten"
],
[
"fit",
"fit"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:join"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "h₂ep-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for h₂ep- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (15.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.