See h₁eǵʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*eźjás"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*eźis"
},
{
"lang": "Phrygian",
"lang_code": "xpg",
"roman": "ézis",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "ἔζις"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-yós ~ *h₁eǵʰ-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ekhînos",
"word": "ἐχῖνος"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "e-ki-no",
"word": "𐀁𐀑𐀜"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*hekʰinos"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-iHn-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*ežina"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*ežīˀnāˀ"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-iHn-eh₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "hedgehog, sea urchin",
"word": "*igilaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-i-lós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "kozni",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "կոզնի"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "kozni",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "կոզնի"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "kozni",
"word": "կոզնի"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Digor Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "uzun",
"word": "узун"
},
{
"lang": "Iron Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "wyzýn",
"word": "уызы́н"
},
{
"lang": "Chechen",
"lang_code": "ce",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zu",
"word": "зу"
},
{
"lang": "Chechen",
"lang_code": "ce",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zünaš",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "зуьнаш"
},
{
"lang": "Ingush",
"lang_code": "inh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zˀii",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "зӏий"
}
],
"lang": "Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os"
}
],
"lang": "Alanic",
"lang_code": "xln",
"word": "*æzin"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sarmatian",
"lang_code": "xsc-sar-pro",
"word": "*azin"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Scythian",
"lang_code": "xsc-pro",
"word": "*azini"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*HaziHnah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*Haȷ́ʰiHnas"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁oǵʰ-iHn-yós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "esh"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "es"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "eshk"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*etska"
}
],
"lang": "Unsorted formations",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
]
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*egalaz",
"3": "",
"4": "leech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root unknown.\nIf related to *h₁ógʷʰis (“snake”), it may have originated as literally “one that deals with snakes” > “snake-eater”. However, this would seem to require reinterpreting *h₁egʷʰ- as *h₁egʰ-w-, in which case Indo-Aryan would lack the suffix *-w-. While this may appear helpful for explaining some strange words like Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”), it still fails to account for the different *ǵʰ versus *gʰ and so only adds complexity to the issue.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European HeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hedgehog"
],
"id": "en-h₁eǵʰ--ine-pro-root-BkpDgytP",
"links": [
[
"hedgehog",
"hedgehog"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ǵʰḗr"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₁eǵʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*eźjás"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*eźis"
},
{
"lang": "Phrygian",
"lang_code": "xpg",
"roman": "ézis",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "ἔζις"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-yós ~ *h₁eǵʰ-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "ekhînos",
"word": "ἐχῖνος"
},
{
"lang": "Mycenaean Greek",
"lang_code": "gmy",
"roman": "e-ki-no",
"word": "𐀁𐀑𐀜"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*hekʰinos"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-iHn-os"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*ežina"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*ežīˀnāˀ"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-iHn-eh₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "hedgehog, sea urchin",
"word": "*igilaz"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁eǵʰ-i-lós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "kozni",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "կոզնի"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "ozni",
"word": "ոզնի"
},
{
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "kozni",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "կոզնի"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "kozni",
"word": "կոզնի"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Digor Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "uzun",
"word": "узун"
},
{
"lang": "Iron Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os",
"roman": "wyzýn",
"word": "уызы́н"
},
{
"lang": "Chechen",
"lang_code": "ce",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zu",
"word": "зу"
},
{
"lang": "Chechen",
"lang_code": "ce",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zünaš",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "зуьнаш"
},
{
"lang": "Ingush",
"lang_code": "inh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "zˀii",
"sense": "hedgehog",
"word": "зӏий"
}
],
"lang": "Ossetian",
"lang_code": "os"
}
],
"lang": "Alanic",
"lang_code": "xln",
"word": "*æzin"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sarmatian",
"lang_code": "xsc-sar-pro",
"word": "*azin"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Scythian",
"lang_code": "xsc-pro",
"word": "*azini"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*HaziHnah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*Haȷ́ʰiHnas"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*h₁oǵʰ-iHn-yós"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "esh"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "es"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"word": "eshk"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*etska"
}
],
"lang": "Unsorted formations",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
]
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*egalaz",
"3": "",
"4": "leech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Root unknown.\nIf related to *h₁ógʷʰis (“snake”), it may have originated as literally “one that deals with snakes” > “snake-eater”. However, this would seem to require reinterpreting *h₁egʷʰ- as *h₁egʰ-w-, in which case Indo-Aryan would lack the suffix *-w-. While this may appear helpful for explaining some strange words like Proto-Germanic *egalaz (“leech”), it still fails to account for the different *ǵʰ versus *gʰ and so only adds complexity to the issue.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European HeC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"Proto-Indo-European terms with unknown etymologies",
"ine-pro:Erinaceids"
],
"glosses": [
"hedgehog"
],
"links": [
[
"hedgehog",
"hedgehog"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ǵʰḗr"
}
],
"word": "h₁eǵʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for h₁eǵʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (4.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.