"h₁éḱwos" meaning in Proto-Indo-European

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-ana-pro",
            "2": "*ʔéḱus"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hit",
            "2": "𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑",
            "tr": "ANŠE.KUR.RA-us",
            "ts": "ekkus"
          },
          "expansion": "Hittite: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us /⁠ekkus⁠/)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Hittite: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us /⁠ekkus⁠/) (only attested with Sumerogram)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Luwian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Cuneiform Luwian: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us),*𒊍𒍪𒍑 (*az-zu-uš)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Hieroglyphic Luwian: 𔑮𔗔 (EQUUS-sa)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xlc",
            "2": "𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁"
          },
          "expansion": "Lycian: 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 (esbe)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lycian: 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 (esbe)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Armenian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xcl",
            "2": "էշ",
            "gloss": "donkey"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "էշ"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian: էշ (ēš)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: էշ (ēš)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
            "2": "*éśwāˀ",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "*ekʷos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gem-pro",
            "2": "*ehwaz"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grk-pro",
            "2": "*íkkʷos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "iir-pro",
            "2": "*Háćwas"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "itc-pro",
            "2": "*ekwos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ekwos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Italic: *ekwos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xpg",
            "tr": "es'"
          },
          "expansion": "Phrygian: [script needed] (es')",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Phrygian: [script needed] (es')"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "txh",
            "tr": "esvas"
          },
          "expansion": "Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-toc-pro",
            "2": "*yäkwe"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁eḱ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*h₁eḱ->swift",
        "id": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ccn"
      },
      "expansion": "North Caucasian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kbd",
        "2": "шы"
      },
      "expansion": "Kabardian шы (šə)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ab",
        "2": "аҽы"
      },
      "expansion": "Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "av",
        "2": "чу"
      },
      "expansion": "Avar чу (ču)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpt",
        "2": "ичва",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mare",
        "tr": "ičʷa"
      },
      "expansion": "Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lez",
        "2": "шив",
        "3": "",
        "4": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "qfa-yen-pro",
        "2": "*ʔɨʔχ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:\n* Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.\n* Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-*kuʔs \"male horse\"\nThe original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "non-ablauting",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoms",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwosyo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwead",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwomos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwobʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwomos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwobʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoysu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwōys",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "non-ablauting",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "-",
        "f2nolink": "1",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "head3": "",
        "head4": "",
        "head5": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*h₁éḱwos m (non-ablauting)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "h₁éḱwo"
      },
      "name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
  "lang_code": "ine-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *h₁eḱ-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sanskrit terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "stallion, horse"
      ],
      "id": "en-h₁éḱwos-ine-pro-noun-kLdm0Z5g",
      "links": [
        [
          "stallion",
          "stallion"
        ],
        [
          "horse",
          "horse"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*ǵʰéyos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*ḱr̥sós"
        },
        {
          "word": "*márkos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*mend-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "h₁éḱwos"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-ana-pro",
            "2": "*ʔéḱus"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hit",
            "2": "𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑",
            "tr": "ANŠE.KUR.RA-us",
            "ts": "ekkus"
          },
          "expansion": "Hittite: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us /⁠ekkus⁠/)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Hittite: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us /⁠ekkus⁠/) (only attested with Sumerogram)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Luwian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Cuneiform Luwian: 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us),*𒊍𒍪𒍑 (*az-zu-uš)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Hieroglyphic Luwian: 𔑮𔗔 (EQUUS-sa)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xlc",
            "2": "𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁"
          },
          "expansion": "Lycian: 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 (esbe)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lycian: 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 (esbe)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Armenian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xcl",
            "2": "էշ",
            "gloss": "donkey"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Armenian: էշ (ēš, “donkey”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "էշ"
          },
          "expansion": "Armenian: էշ (ēš)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Armenian: էշ (ēš)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
            "2": "*éśwāˀ",
            "der": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "*ekʷos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gem-pro",
            "2": "*ehwaz"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "grk-pro",
            "2": "*íkkʷos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "iir-pro",
            "2": "*Háćwas"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "itc-pro",
            "2": "*ekwos"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ekwos",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Italic: *ekwos (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "xpg",
            "tr": "es'"
          },
          "expansion": "Phrygian: [script needed] (es')",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Phrygian: [script needed] (es')"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "txh",
            "tr": "esvas"
          },
          "expansion": "Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ine-toc-pro",
            "2": "*yäkwe"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁eḱ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*h₁eḱ->swift",
        "id": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ccn"
      },
      "expansion": "North Caucasian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kbd",
        "2": "шы"
      },
      "expansion": "Kabardian шы (šə)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ab",
        "2": "аҽы"
      },
      "expansion": "Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "av",
        "2": "чу"
      },
      "expansion": "Avar чу (ču)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kpt",
        "2": "ичва",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mare",
        "tr": "ičʷa"
      },
      "expansion": "Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lez",
        "2": "шив",
        "3": "",
        "4": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "qfa-yen-pro",
        "2": "*ʔɨʔχ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:\n* Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.\n* Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-*kuʔs \"male horse\"\nThe original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "non-ablauting",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoms",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwosyo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoHom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwead",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwomos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwobʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwomos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwobʰos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwey",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoy",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoysu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwoh₁",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h₁éḱwōys",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "non-ablauting",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "-",
        "f2nolink": "1",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "head3": "",
        "head4": "",
        "head5": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*h₁éḱwos m (non-ablauting)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "h₁éḱwo"
      },
      "name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
  "lang_code": "ine-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
        "Proto-Indo-European masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Indo-European nouns",
        "Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *h₁eḱ-",
        "Proto-Indo-European thematic o-stem nouns",
        "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
        "Sanskrit terms with redundant script codes",
        "ine-pro:Horses",
        "ine-pro:Male animals"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "stallion, horse"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "stallion",
          "stallion"
        ],
        [
          "horse",
          "horse"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*ǵʰéyos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*ḱr̥sós"
        },
        {
          "word": "*márkos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*mend-"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "h₁éḱwos"
}