See gʰrendʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gʰrendʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (13.6kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʰrn̥dʰ-ís</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grindis",
"t": "floorboard"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindiz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"alt": "*grindilaz",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *grindilaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *grindilaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grindil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grindil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grandā́ˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "*grandā"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: *grandā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: *grandā"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "grandico",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ grandico",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ grandico"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*ɣrondā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grunda"
},
"expansion": "Latin: grunda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-il-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*grandilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grandil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grandil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grindā́ˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 12 24 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 23 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beam, plank"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-R2dYIOep",
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"plank",
"plank"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "front edge, protrusion",
"word": "?*gʰren-"
},
{
"english": "ground",
"word": "Proto-Germanic *grumþuz"
},
{
"word": "which apparently points to *gʰrem-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti",
"nolb": "1",
"pos": "root present"
},
"expansion": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "grind",
"t": "to brawl",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*gradīnja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *gradīnja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cf. also <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">gërdhij</i> (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sqj-pro\">*gradīnja</i>; <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">grij</i> (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sqj-pro\">*grinja</i>"
},
"expansion": "(cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grenˀd-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grę́sti",
"t": "to scrape, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindaną",
"t": "to grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "frendō",
"t": "to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindō",
"t": "gravel, pebbles, sand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrendʰ-o-",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrendʰ-o-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grind",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grind"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*grint",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *grint n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *grint n"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "grint"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: grint",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: grint"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grind",
"t": "scabies, mange"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grint",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grint m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grint m"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grint"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grint",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grint"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Grind",
"t": "scab; scurf; (dial.) head"
},
"expansion": "German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰróndʰ-o-",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰróndʰ-o-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰróndʰ-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"g": "mf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grǫdъ",
"3": "*grǫ̀da",
"g1": "m",
"g2": "f",
"t": "heap, lump; hill; breast ?",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grandą",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandą n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandą n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grand",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grand"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "grand",
"t": "rough sand"
},
"expansion": "Low German: grand (“rough sand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: grand (“rough sand”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*grand"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *grand",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *grand"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "grand",
"g": "n",
"t": "grain, particle, little bit"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrondʰ-ō",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrondʰ-ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grandô",
"3": "*grandǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "grandi",
"t": "isthmus"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χραίνω",
"3": "",
"4": "to stroke, brush, smear"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 12 24 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 23 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to grind, rub"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-fdIcqEqs",
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 12 24 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 23 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"granule, particle, grain (of sand)"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-3tN5PCHW",
"links": [
[
"granule",
"granule"
],
[
"particle",
"particle"
],
[
"grain",
"grain"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 12 24 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 23 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 22 23 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lump, mass"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-sDXZFSlE",
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʰrn̥dʰ-ís</i>"
},
"expansion": "(< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grindis",
"t": "floorboard"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindiz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"alt": "*grindilaz",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *grindilaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *grindilaz"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grindil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grindil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grandā́ˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "*grandā"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: *grandā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: *grandā"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "grandico",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ grandico",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ grandico"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*ɣrondā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grunda"
},
"expansion": "Latin: grunda",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-il-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*grandilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grandil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grandil",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grindā́ˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"english": "front edge, protrusion",
"word": "?*gʰren-"
},
{
"english": "ground",
"word": "Proto-Germanic *grumþuz"
},
{
"word": "which apparently points to *gʰrem-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"beam, plank"
],
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"plank",
"plank"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti",
"nolb": "1",
"pos": "root present"
},
"expansion": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "grind",
"t": "to brawl",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*gradīnja"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *gradīnja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cf. also <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">gërdhij</i> (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sqj-pro\">*gradīnja</i>; <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">grij</i> (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sqj-pro\">*grinja</i>"
},
"expansion": "(cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grenˀd-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "grę́sti",
"t": "to scrape, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindaną",
"t": "to grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "frendō",
"t": "to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindō",
"t": "gravel, pebbles, sand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrendʰ-o-",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrendʰ-o-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrendʰ-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grind",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grind"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*grint",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *grint n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *grint n"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "grint"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: grint",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: grint"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grind",
"t": "scabies, mange"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grint",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grint m",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grint m"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grint"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grint",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grint"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Grind",
"t": "scab; scurf; (dial.) head"
},
"expansion": "German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰróndʰ-o-",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰróndʰ-o-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰróndʰ-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"g": "mf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*grǫdъ",
"3": "*grǫ̀da",
"g1": "m",
"g2": "f",
"t": "heap, lump; hill; breast ?",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grandą",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandą n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandą n"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grand",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grand"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "grand",
"t": "rough sand"
},
"expansion": "Low German: grand (“rough sand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: grand (“rough sand”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*grand"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *grand",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *grand"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "grand",
"g": "n",
"t": "grain, particle, little bit"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*gʰrondʰ-ō",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "*gʰrondʰ-ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "*gʰrondʰ-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grandô",
"3": "*grandǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "grandi",
"t": "isthmus"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χραίνω",
"3": "",
"4": "to stroke, brush, smear"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to grind, rub"
],
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"granule, particle, grain (of sand)"
],
"links": [
[
"granule",
"granule"
],
[
"particle",
"particle"
],
[
"grain",
"grain"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"lump, mass"
],
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (384852d and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.