See gʰrendʰ- on Wiktionary
{
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
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"word": "*ɣrondā"
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"word": "*gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂"
},
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"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grandilaz"
}
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"word": "*gʰrondʰ-il-os"
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"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 29 3 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 47 2 8",
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},
{
"_dis": "56 29 4 12",
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},
{
"_dis": "61 28 5 6",
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},
{
"_dis": "78 17 3 3",
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},
{
"_dis": "78 17 3 3",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
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}
],
"glosses": [
"beam, plank"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-R2dYIOep",
"links": [
[
"beam",
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],
[
"plank",
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]
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"related": [
{
"english": "front edge, protrusion",
"translation": "front edge, protrusion",
"word": "?*gʰren-"
},
{
"english": "ground",
"translation": "ground",
"word": "Proto-Germanic *grumþuz"
},
{
"word": "which apparently points to *gʰrem-"
}
],
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}
],
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"Brill Publishers",
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"word": "*grenˀd-"
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}
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"word": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti"
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{
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{
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{
"descendants": [
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"descendants": [
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"word": "grint"
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"word": "*grint"
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scab; scurf; (dial.) head",
"word": "Grind"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gmh",
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}
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"m"
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"word": "*grindaz"
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"descendants": [
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}
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"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "grint"
}
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"lang_code": "goh",
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],
"word": "grint"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*grind"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grindą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
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"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰrendʰ-o-"
},
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{
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{
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"sense": "heap, lump; hill; breast ?",
"word": "*grǫdъ"
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"word": "*grǫ̀da"
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},
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{
"descendants": [
{
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{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "nds",
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],
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"lang_code": "gml"
}
],
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"lang_code": "osx"
}
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"word": "*gʰróndʰ-o-"
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{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Old Norse",
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"sense": "isthmus",
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],
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"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grandô"
},
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],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "grind"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χραίνω",
"3": "",
"4": "to stroke, brush, smear"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "43 47 2 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"to grind, rub"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-fdIcqEqs",
"links": [
[
"grind",
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[
"rub",
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]
],
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"morpheme",
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},
{
"glosses": [
"granule, particle, grain (of sand)"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-3tN5PCHW",
"links": [
[
"granule",
"granule"
],
[
"particle",
"particle"
],
[
"grain",
"grain"
]
],
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"morpheme",
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},
{
"glosses": [
"lump, mass"
],
"id": "en-gʰrendʰ--ine-pro-root-sDXZFSlE",
"links": [
[
"lump",
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],
[
"mass",
"mass"
]
],
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"morpheme",
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}
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
{
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"Pages with 1 entry",
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"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
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{
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],
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},
{
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{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
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],
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"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
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}
],
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"word": "*gʰrendʰ-is"
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
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"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
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"word": "grandico"
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],
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"word": "*grandā"
}
],
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"word": "*grandā́ˀ"
},
{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Latin",
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}
],
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],
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"derived"
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"word": "*gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*grandil"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grandilaz"
}
],
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"derived"
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"word": "*gʰrondʰ-il-os"
},
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"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
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],
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"derived"
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"word": "*gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂"
}
],
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"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"english": "front edge, protrusion",
"translation": "front edge, protrusion",
"word": "?*gʰren-"
},
{
"english": "ground",
"translation": "ground",
"word": "Proto-Germanic *grumþuz"
},
{
"word": "which apparently points to *gʰrem-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"beam, plank"
],
"links": [
[
"beam",
"beam"
],
[
"plank",
"plank"
]
],
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"morpheme",
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]
}
],
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"Brill Publishers",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Pages with entries",
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"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
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}
],
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "to scrape, scratch",
"word": "grę́sti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*grenˀd-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "to grind",
"word": "*grindaną"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits",
"word": "frendō"
}
],
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"lang_code": "itc-pro"
}
],
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"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "gravel, pebbles, sand",
"word": "*grindō"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰrendʰ-éh₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "scabies, mange",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "grint"
}
],
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"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "*grint"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scab; scurf; (dial.) head",
"word": "Grind"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "grint"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "grint"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*grind"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grindaz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "scabies, mange",
"word": "grind"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "grint"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "*grint"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scab; scurf; (dial.) head",
"word": "Grind"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "grint"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "grint"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*grind"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grindą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰrendʰ-o-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"m"
],
"sense": "heap, lump; hill; breast ?",
"word": "*grǫdъ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"f"
],
"word": "*grǫ̀da"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"sense": "rough sand",
"word": "grand"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*grand"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"sense": "grain, particle, little bit",
"word": "grand"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "*grand"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"n"
],
"word": "*grandą"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰróndʰ-o-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"sense": "isthmus",
"word": "grandi"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grandô"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"sense": "isthmus",
"word": "grandi"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*grandǭ"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*gʰrondʰ-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "grind"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χραίνω",
"3": "",
"4": "to stroke, brush, smear"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to grind, rub"
],
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"granule, particle, grain (of sand)"
],
"links": [
[
"granule",
"granule"
],
[
"particle",
"particle"
],
[
"grain",
"grain"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"lump, mass"
],
"links": [
[
"lump",
"lump"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "gʰrendʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gʰrendʰ- meaning in All languages combined (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.