See dʰewgʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*tunkʰanō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τυγχάνω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)\nGreek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)\nGreek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τιτύσκομαι"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "(possibly) Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "յանդուգն",
"alt": "յ-ան-դուգն",
"gloss": "bold, rash"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰéwgʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दोहस्",
"tr": "dóhas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दोहसे",
"der": "1",
"tr": "doháse"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*téwkʰos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τεῦχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰúgʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*túkʰā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύχη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric\nGreek: τύχη (týchi)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric\nGreek: τύχη (týchi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-néh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dukkǭ",
"t": "power, strength; muscle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*dugъ",
"t": "strength, power"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰugdʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dugdʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दुग्ध",
"tr": "dugdhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "duhet",
"pos": "verb",
"t": "must"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dugunþō",
"t": "utility, virtue, strength"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "dual"
},
"expansion": "Irish: dual",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: dual"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "duan"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: duan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: duan"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "possibly *dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hit (as opposed to missing)"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-yjdUwJrA",
"links": [
[
"hit",
"hit"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 76 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to produce, to produce something useful"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-sSRWO4bR",
"links": [
[
"produce",
"produce"
],
[
"Mallory, J. P.",
"w:J. P. Mallory"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
],
[
"Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture",
"w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be strong, have force"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-3mDwrU5P",
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*tunkʰanō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τυγχάνω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)\nGreek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)\nGreek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τιτύσκομαι"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "qual"
}
],
"text": "(possibly) Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "յանդուգն",
"alt": "յ-ան-դուգն",
"gloss": "bold, rash"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰéwgʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दोहस्",
"tr": "dóhas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दोहसे",
"der": "1",
"tr": "doháse"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*téwkʰos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τεῦχος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰúgʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*túkʰā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύχη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric\nGreek: τύχη (týchi)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian, τύχα (túkha) — Laconian, Doric\nGreek: τύχη (týchi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-néh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dukkǭ",
"t": "power, strength; muscle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*dugъ",
"t": "strength, power"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*dʰugʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dʰugdʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*dugdʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दुग्ध",
"tr": "dugdhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "duhet",
"pos": "verb",
"t": "must"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dugunþō",
"t": "utility, virtue, strength"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "dual"
},
"expansion": "Irish: dual",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: dual"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "duan"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: duan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: duan"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "possibly *dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hit (as opposed to missing)"
],
"links": [
[
"hit",
"hit"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to produce, to produce something useful"
],
"links": [
[
"produce",
"produce"
],
[
"Mallory, J. P.",
"w:J. P. Mallory"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
],
[
"Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture",
"w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be strong, have force"
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"force",
"force"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰewgʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰewgʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.