See dʰewgʰ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "tychaíno",
"word": "τυχαίνω"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "tunkhánō",
"word": "τυγχάνω"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*tunkʰanō"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "titúskomai",
"word": "τιτύσκομαι"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "y-an-dugn",
"sense": "bold, rash",
"word": "յ-ան-դուգն"
}
],
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "doháse",
"word": "दोहसे"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dóhas",
"word": "दोहस्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dʰáwgʰas"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "teûkhos",
"word": "τεῦχος"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*téwkʰos"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰéwgʰ-o-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "túkhē",
"word": "τύχη"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "tioúkhā",
"word": "τιούχᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "toúkhā",
"tags": [
"Boeotian"
],
"word": "τούχᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "túkha",
"tags": [
"Laconian",
"Doric"
],
"word": "τύχα"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*túkʰā"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰúgʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "power, strength; muscle",
"word": "*dukkǭ"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-néh₂-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"sense": "strength, power",
"word": "*dugъ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-o-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dugdhá",
"word": "दुग्ध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dugdʰás"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*dʰugdʰás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugh₂tḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "must",
"word": "duhet"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "utility, virtue, strength",
"word": "*dugunþō"
},
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "dual"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "duan"
}
],
"lang": "Unsorted formations",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
]
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "possibly *dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hit (as opposed to missing)"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-yjdUwJrA",
"links": [
[
"hit",
"hit"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 67 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to produce, to produce something useful"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-sSRWO4bR",
"links": [
[
"produce",
"produce"
],
[
"Mallory, J. P.",
"w:J. P. Mallory"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
],
[
"Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture",
"w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be strong, have force"
],
"id": "en-dʰewgʰ--ine-pro-root-3mDwrU5P",
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰewgʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European perfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "tychaíno",
"word": "τυχαίνω"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "tunkhánō",
"word": "τυγχάνω"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*tunkʰanō"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "titúskomai",
"word": "τιτύσκομαι"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "y-an-dugn",
"sense": "bold, rash",
"word": "յ-ան-դուգն"
}
],
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "doháse",
"word": "दोहसे"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dóhas",
"word": "दोहस्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dʰáwgʰas"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*dʰáwgʰas"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "teûkhos",
"word": "τεῦχος"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*téwkʰos"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰéwgʰ-o-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "túkhē",
"word": "τύχη"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "tioúkhā",
"word": "τιούχᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "toúkhā",
"tags": [
"Boeotian"
],
"word": "τούχᾱ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "týchi",
"word": "τύχη"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "túkha",
"tags": [
"Laconian",
"Doric"
],
"word": "τύχα"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*túkʰā"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰúgʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "power, strength; muscle",
"word": "*dukkǭ"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-néh₂-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"sense": "strength, power",
"word": "*dugъ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-o-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "dugdhá",
"word": "दुग्ध"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*dugdʰás"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*dʰugdʰás"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugʰ-tó-s"
},
{
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*dʰugh₂tḗr"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "must",
"word": "duhet"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "utility, virtue, strength",
"word": "*dugunþō"
},
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "dual"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "duan"
}
],
"lang": "Unsorted formations",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
]
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "possibly *dʰewgʰ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewgʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hit (as opposed to missing)"
],
"links": [
[
"hit",
"hit"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to produce, to produce something useful"
],
"links": [
[
"produce",
"produce"
],
[
"Mallory, J. P.",
"w:J. P. Mallory"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
],
[
"Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture",
"w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be strong, have force"
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"Adams, D. Q.",
"w:Douglas Q. Adams"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"perfective",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "dʰewgʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰewgʰ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.