See dóru in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dóru meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.9kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*dṓru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒋫𒊒",
"3": "𒋫𒀀𒊒",
"tr": "taru",
"tr2": "tāru"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒋫𒀀𒊒",
"tr": "tāru"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տարր",
"t": "element, matter, substance",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*dóru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *dóru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dā́ru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*or"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *or",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *or"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "or",
"t": "wood"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: or (“wood”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: or (“wood”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "or",
"3": "ārwa",
"pos": "sg.",
"pos2": "pl.",
"t": "wood",
"t2": "firewood"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*daru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *daru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-a- from oblique *darw-"
},
"expansion": "(-a- from oblique *darw-)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տրամ",
"3": "",
"4": "firm, solid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "drúsu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drúh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dóru n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dóru",
"2": "dréw",
"ac": "proterokinetic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dóru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"alt": "tarwi(iya)-",
"english": "wooden beam",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "[script needed]"
},
{
"alt": "taruu̯al-",
"english": "mortar",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "[script needed]"
},
{
"english": "pestle(?)",
"roman": "taru̯āli-",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "𒄑𒋻𒉿𒀀𒇷"
},
{
"roman": "targal",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "→ Old Armenian: տարգալ"
},
{
"english": "wooden framework",
"roman": "torg",
"sense": "Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)",
"tags": [
"Armenian"
],
"word": "տորգ"
},
{
"english": "spoon",
"roman": "dárvi",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárwiṣ",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "दर्वि"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*derw-ó-m",
"word": "dérwa"
},
{
"english": "tar; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*derw-ó-m",
"word": "terwą"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Breton: deru, derw; Breton",
"word": "derv"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
"tags": [
"Cornish"
],
"word": "derow"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.); Welsh",
"word": "derw"
},
{
"alt": "< *derwā",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”); Old Irish",
"word": "derb"
},
{
"alt": "toponym",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”)",
"word": "Dervo"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)",
"word": "⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō"
},
{
"roman": "dróṇa",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "द्रोण"
},
{
"english": "tree, oak; see there for further descendants",
"roman": "drûs",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "δρῦς"
},
{
"roman": "déndreon",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "δένδρεον"
},
{
"english": "wood, tree",
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *druwa; Albanian",
"word": "dru"
},
{
"english": "trough; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dru-kós",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz"
},
{
"roman": "drǎ́mka",
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Bulgarian"
],
"word": "дръ́мка"
},
{
"english": "dial.",
"roman": "drom",
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Russian"
],
"word": "дром"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Slovene"
],
"word": "drmášča"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dru-mos",
"word": "trumaz"
},
{
"roman": "drymós",
"sense": "Ancient Greek: δρυμός (drumós)",
"tags": [
"Greek"
],
"word": "δρυμός"
},
{
"roman": "druma",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "द्रुम"
},
{
"english": "tub, vessel",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *druxtom",
"tags": [
"Irish",
"Middle"
],
"word": "drochta"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"english": "pestle",
"roman": "toṙn",
"sense": "Proto-Armenian",
"word": ">? Old Armenian: տոռն"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tree"
],
"id": "en-dóru-ine-pro-noun-3Jxe24st",
"links": [
[
"tree",
"tree"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dóru"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"alt": "tarwi(iya)-",
"english": "wooden beam",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "[script needed]"
},
{
"english": "wooden framework",
"roman": "torg",
"sense": "Old Armenian: տորգ (torg, “*wooden framework; weaving, fabric, net”)",
"tags": [
"Armenian"
],
"word": "տորգ"
},
{
"english": "spoon",
"roman": "dárvi",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárwiṣ",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "दर्वि"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*derw-ó-m",
"word": "dérwa"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Breton: deru, derw; Breton",
"word": "derv"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Brythonic",
"tags": [
"Cornish"
],
"word": "derow"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Welsh: derwen (sg.), derw (pl.); Welsh",
"word": "derw"
},
{
"alt": "< *derwā",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”); Old Irish",
"word": "derb"
},
{
"alt": "toponym",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *derwom (“firm; oak”)",
"word": "Dervo"
},
{
"english": "tar; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*derw-ó-m",
"word": "terwą"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *trewą (“tree”) (see there for further descendants)",
"word": "⇒? Proto-Germanic: *trewwō"
},
{
"roman": "dróṇa",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dráwnam",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "द्रोण"
},
{
"english": "tree, oak; see there for further descendants",
"roman": "drûs",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "δρῦς"
},
{
"roman": "déndreon",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "δένδρεον"
},
{
"english": "wood, tree",
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *druwa; Albanian",
"word": "dru"
},
{
"english": "trough; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dru-kós",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *trugaz"
},
{
"roman": "drǎ́mka",
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Bulgarian"
],
"word": "дръ́мка"
},
{
"english": "dial.",
"roman": "drom",
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Russian"
],
"word": "дром"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Slavic: *drъmъ (“thicket”)",
"tags": [
"Slovene"
],
"word": "drmášča"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dru-mos",
"word": "trumaz"
},
{
"roman": "drymós",
"sense": "Ancient Greek: δρυμός (drumós)",
"tags": [
"Greek"
],
"word": "δρυμός"
},
{
"roman": "druma",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "द्रुम"
},
{
"english": "tub, vessel",
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *druxtom",
"tags": [
"Irish",
"Middle"
],
"word": "drochta"
},
{
"alt": "taruu̯al-",
"english": "mortar",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "[script needed]"
},
{
"english": "pestle(?)",
"roman": "taru̯āli-",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "𒄑𒋻𒉿𒀀𒇷"
},
{
"roman": "targal",
"sense": "Proto-Anatolian",
"word": "→ Old Armenian: տարգալ"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"english": "pestle",
"roman": "toṙn",
"sense": "Proto-Armenian",
"word": ">? Old Armenian: տոռն"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*dṓru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *dṓru"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒋫𒊒",
"3": "𒋫𒀀𒊒",
"tr": "taru",
"tr2": "tāru"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒋫𒊒 (taru), 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒋫𒀀𒊒",
"tr": "tāru"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒋫𒀀𒊒 (tāru)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տարր",
"t": "element, matter, substance",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: տարր (tarr, “element, matter, substance”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*dóru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *dóru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *dóru (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*dā́ru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́ru (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*or"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *or",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *or"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "or",
"t": "wood"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: or (“wood”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: or (“wood”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "or",
"3": "ārwa",
"pos": "sg.",
"pos2": "pl.",
"t": "wood",
"t2": "firewood"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: or (“wood”, sg.), ārwa (“firewood”, pl.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*daru"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *daru",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-a- from oblique *darw-"
},
"expansion": "(-a- from oblique *darw-)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *daru (-a- from oblique *darw-) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "տրամ",
"3": "",
"4": "firm, solid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Some argue that it is a deadjectival noun of *deru-, *drew- (“hard, firm, strong, solid”) with reflexes as Latin dūrus (“hard, rough”), Old English trum (“strong, firm”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “firm, solid”), and Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “strong, mighty”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dóru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dórwih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dóruh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dréw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dréwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "drúsu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drúh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drúmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dóru n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dóru",
"2": "dréw",
"ac": "proterokinetic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dóru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European neuter nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic neuter u-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"tree"
],
"links": [
[
"tree",
"tree"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "dóru"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.