See bʰedʰh₂- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "bèsti"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "best"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "embaddusisi"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bosti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "to pierce, stab",
"word": "*bestei"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰédʰh₂-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "pád-da-a-i",
"sense": "to dig",
"word": "𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿"
},
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "pád-da-i",
"word": "𒁁𒁕𒄿"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"word": "badeit"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "badīt"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "badýti"
}
],
"lang": "East Baltic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "proboždati",
"word": "пробождати"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*boďati"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bodìti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "to pierce, stab",
"word": "*bádīˀtei"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "to pierce; to dig",
"word": "fodiō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "poso",
"word": "ფოსო"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "pʻos",
"word": "փոս"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "phóssa",
"word": "φόσσα"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "ditch, trench",
"word": "fossa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*fossā"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*foðjō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"lang_code": "xto",
"word": "pāt-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"sense": "to plow",
"word": "*pāt-"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"word": "bez"
},
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"word": "beth"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "bedd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*beð"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"sense": "grave, ditch",
"word": "*bedom"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰédʰh₂-om"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bádHr̥"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"sense": "spade, shovel",
"word": "*bádHah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰádʰHr̥"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bádHr̥"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"sense": "spade, shovel",
"word": "*bádHah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰádʰHas"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Breton",
"lang_code": "obt",
"sense": "crow",
"word": "bodou"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"sense": "goddess of death in war",
"word": "bodb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"sense": "fight",
"word": "*bodwos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "battle, fight",
"word": "*badwō"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰodʰh₂-wo-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "bed, bedding",
"word": "*badją"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰodʰh₂-yó-m"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "dig",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeCH-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to dig, burrow"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰh₂--ine-pro-root-3Fd~fGbW",
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeCH-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to pierce, stab"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰh₂--ine-pro-root-0h2r-BJC",
"links": [
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"stab",
"stab"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "bʰedʰh₂-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeCH-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "bèsti"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "best"
},
{
"lang": "Old Prussian",
"lang_code": "prg",
"word": "embaddusisi"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bosti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "to pierce, stab",
"word": "*bestei"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰédʰh₂-e-ti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "pád-da-a-i",
"sense": "to dig",
"word": "𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿"
},
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "pád-da-i",
"word": "𒁁𒁕𒄿"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"word": "badeit"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "badīt"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "badýti"
}
],
"lang": "East Baltic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "proboždati",
"word": "пробождати"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*boďati"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*bodìti"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"sense": "to pierce, stab",
"word": "*bádīˀtei"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "to pierce; to dig",
"word": "fodiō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "poso",
"word": "ფოსო"
}
],
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "pʻos",
"word": "փոս"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "phóssa",
"word": "φόσσα"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "ditch, trench",
"word": "fossa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*fossā"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*foðjō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tocharian A",
"lang_code": "xto",
"word": "pāt-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"sense": "to plow",
"word": "*pāt-"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"word": "bez"
},
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"word": "beth"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "bedd"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*beð"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"sense": "grave, ditch",
"word": "*bedom"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰédʰh₂-om"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bádHr̥"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"sense": "spade, shovel",
"word": "*bádHah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰádʰHr̥"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"word": "*bádHr̥"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Iranian",
"lang_code": "ira-pro",
"sense": "spade, shovel",
"word": "*bádHah"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*bʰádʰHas"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Breton",
"lang_code": "obt",
"sense": "crow",
"word": "bodou"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"sense": "goddess of death in war",
"word": "bodb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"sense": "fight",
"word": "*bodwos"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "battle, fight",
"word": "*badwō"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰodʰh₂-wo-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"sense": "bed, bedding",
"word": "*badją"
}
],
"lang": "unknown",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain",
"derived"
],
"word": "*bʰodʰh₂-yó-m"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "dig",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to dig, burrow"
],
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to pierce, stab"
],
"links": [
[
"pierce",
"pierce"
],
[
"stab",
"stab"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "bʰedʰh₂-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bʰedʰh₂- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (e2469cc and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.