See albʰós in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "alpas",
"word": "𒀠𒉺𒀸"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro",
"word": "*albós"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*albos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "alphós",
"word": "ἀλφός"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*alpʰós"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*alβos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "kalvas"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "kalpea"
},
{
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "kalpie"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*kalbas"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰé",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰósyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰómos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰómos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰṓys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂m̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂oHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂ey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂su",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*albʰós (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "albʰó"
},
"name": "ine-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/albʰós",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "albanos"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-H-nó-s"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-eno-s?"
},
{
"english": "river; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "river; see there for further descendants",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *albī"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-ih₂"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "albiyū"
},
{
"word": "⇒ *(H)albʰ-iy-on-"
},
{
"english": "elf; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "elf; see there for further descendants",
"word": "albiz"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-i-s"
},
{
"english": "barley",
"translation": "barley",
"word": ">? *(H)álbʰ-it"
},
{
"roman": "ṛbhú",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "ऋभु"
},
{
"word": "r̥bʰúṣ"
},
{
"english": "skillful",
"translation": "skillful",
"word": "r̥bʰúš"
},
{
"word": ">? *(H)álbʰ-us Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"word": "albʰós *(H)l̥bʰ-éw-s"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations* >? Proto-Armenian"
},
{
"english": "swan",
"translation": "swan",
"word": "Proto-Germanic: *albits Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"english": "swan",
"translation": "swan",
"word": "albʰós *albuts"
},
{
"word": "now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic"
},
{
"word": "albut"
},
{
"english": "swan; see there for further descendants",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "swan; see there for further descendants",
"word": "olbǫdь"
},
{
"english": "dove, pigeon",
"roman": "aławni",
"sense": "Old Armenian",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"translation": "dove, pigeon",
"word": "աղաւնի"
}
],
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"id": "en-albʰós-ine-pro-adj-AY-pakRx",
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "albʰós"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "albanos"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-H-nó-s"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-eno-s?"
},
{
"english": "river; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "river; see there for further descendants",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *albī"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-ih₂"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "albiyū"
},
{
"word": "⇒ *(H)albʰ-iy-on-"
},
{
"english": "elf; see there for further descendants",
"translation": "elf; see there for further descendants",
"word": "albiz"
},
{
"word": "(H)albʰ-i-s"
},
{
"english": "barley",
"translation": "barley",
"word": ">? *(H)álbʰ-it"
},
{
"roman": "ṛbhú",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "ऋभु"
},
{
"word": "r̥bʰúṣ"
},
{
"english": "skillful",
"translation": "skillful",
"word": "r̥bʰúš"
},
{
"word": ">? *(H)álbʰ-us Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"word": "albʰós *(H)l̥bʰ-éw-s"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations* >? Proto-Armenian"
},
{
"english": "dove, pigeon",
"roman": "aławni",
"sense": "Old Armenian",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"translation": "dove, pigeon",
"word": "աղաւնի"
},
{
"english": "swan",
"translation": "swan",
"word": "Proto-Germanic: *albits Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"english": "swan",
"translation": "swan",
"word": "albʰós *albuts"
},
{
"word": "now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic"
},
{
"word": "albut"
},
{
"english": "swan; see there for further descendants",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "swan; see there for further descendants",
"word": "olbǫdь"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hittite",
"lang_code": "hit",
"roman": "alpas",
"word": "𒀠𒉺𒀸"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro",
"word": "*albós"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*albos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "alphós",
"word": "ἀλφός"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*alpʰós"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro",
"word": "*alβos"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "kalvas"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "kalpea"
},
{
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "kalpie"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*kalbas"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰé",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰósyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰómos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰómos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰṓys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰā́m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂m̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂oHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂ey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂su",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂h₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂mis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂bʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰóyh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "albʰéh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*albʰós (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "albʰó"
},
"name": "ine-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/albʰós",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European adjectives",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European thematic adjectives",
"ine-pro:Colors"
],
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "albʰós"
}
Download raw JSONL data for albʰós meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (e2469cc and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.