See ǵʰreh₁d- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ǵʰreh₁d- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (4.7kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰreh₁d-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "griddfan"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: griddfan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: griddfan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "griddfan",
"t": "to groan"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grētaną",
"t": "to weep, cry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*źʰráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादते",
"t": "to sound, make noise",
"tr": "hrā́date"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*jráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀",
"t": "chainmail",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ad·gládathar",
"t": "to address"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grōtijaną",
"t": "to cause to weep, scold, address"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κέχλαδα",
"t": "to sound, sing aloud"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "krāt-",
"t": "to challenge"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰreh₁d-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReHC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to sound"
],
"id": "en-ǵʰreh₁d--ine-pro-root-BkdNUC-g",
"links": [
[
"sound",
"sound"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda)",
"word": "ǵʰleh₂d-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "ǵʰreh₁d-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰreh₁d-ti (root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "griddfan"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: griddfan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: griddfan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "griddfan",
"t": "to groan"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grētaną",
"t": "to weep, cry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*źʰráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादते",
"t": "to sound, make noise",
"tr": "hrā́date"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*jráHdati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀",
"t": "chainmail",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ad·gládathar",
"t": "to address"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grōtijaną",
"t": "to cause to weep, scold, address"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κέχλαδα",
"t": "to sound, sing aloud"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "krāt-",
"t": "to challenge"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰreh₁d-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReHC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots",
"Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"Undetermined terms with quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"to sound"
],
"links": [
[
"sound",
"sound"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda)",
"word": "ǵʰleh₂d-"
}
],
"word": "ǵʰreh₁d-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.