See tūną in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tūn",
"g": "m",
"t": "fence"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)\nOld English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)\nMiddle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune\nEnglish: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)\nGeordie English: toon\nScots: toun, tone, toon, town\nYola: teoune, teoun\nOld Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nSaterland Frisian: Tuun\nWest Frisian: tún\nOld Saxon: tūn (“fence”)\nMiddle Low German: tûn\nGerman Low German: Tuun\nLow German: Tuun\nOld Dutch: tūn (“garden”)\nMiddle Dutch: tuun\nDutch: tuin\nAfrikaans: tuin\nBerbice Creole Dutch: tun\nSkepi Creole Dutch: tun\nLimburgish: toen\nWest Flemish: tuun\nZealandic: tuun\nOld High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nMiddle High German: zūn, zoun\nGerman: Zaun\nLuxembourgish: Zonk\nVilamovian: caojn\n→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)\nOld English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)\nMiddle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune\nEnglish: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)\nGeordie English: toon\nScots: toun, tone, toon, town\nYola: teoune, teoun\nOld Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nSaterland Frisian: Tuun\nWest Frisian: tún\nOld Saxon: tūn (“fence”)\nMiddle Low German: tûn\nGerman Low German: Tuun\nLow German: Tuun\nOld Dutch: tūn (“garden”)\nMiddle Dutch: tuun\nDutch: tuin\nAfrikaans: tuin\nBerbice Creole Dutch: tun\nSkepi Creole Dutch: tun\nLimburgish: toen\nWest Flemish: tuun\nZealandic: tuun\nOld High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nMiddle High German: zūn, zoun\nGerman: Zaun\nLuxembourgish: Zonk\nVilamovian: caojn\n→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "tún",
"g": "n",
"t": "field, enclosure"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)\nIcelandic: tún\nFaroese: tún\nNorwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton\nSwedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna\nDanish: tun, Tune\nNorwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)\nIcelandic: tún\nFaroese: tún\nNorwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton\nSwedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna\nDanish: tun, Tune\nNorwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tūną",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fence"
],
"id": "en-tūną-gem-pro-noun-hzRusoI1",
"links": [
[
"fence",
"fence"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"enclosure"
],
"id": "en-tūną-gem-pro-noun-le~sxbl9",
"links": [
[
"enclosure",
"enclosure"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuː.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Grimm's law"
],
"word": "tūną"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"gem-pro:Buildings and structures"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tūn",
"g": "m",
"t": "fence"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)\nOld English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)\nMiddle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune\nEnglish: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)\nGeordie English: toon\nScots: toun, tone, toon, town\nYola: teoune, teoun\nOld Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nSaterland Frisian: Tuun\nWest Frisian: tún\nOld Saxon: tūn (“fence”)\nMiddle Low German: tûn\nGerman Low German: Tuun\nLow German: Tuun\nOld Dutch: tūn (“garden”)\nMiddle Dutch: tuun\nDutch: tuin\nAfrikaans: tuin\nBerbice Creole Dutch: tun\nSkepi Creole Dutch: tun\nLimburgish: toen\nWest Flemish: tuun\nZealandic: tuun\nOld High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nMiddle High German: zūn, zoun\nGerman: Zaun\nLuxembourgish: Zonk\nVilamovian: caojn\n→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)\nOld English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)\nMiddle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune\nEnglish: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)\n→ Chichewa: tawuni\n→ Jersey Dutch: tāun\n→ Pennsylvania German: Taun\n→ Japanese: タウン (taun)\nGeordie English: toon\nScots: toun, tone, toon, town\nYola: teoune, teoun\nOld Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nSaterland Frisian: Tuun\nWest Frisian: tún\nOld Saxon: tūn (“fence”)\nMiddle Low German: tûn\nGerman Low German: Tuun\nLow German: Tuun\nOld Dutch: tūn (“garden”)\nMiddle Dutch: tuun\nDutch: tuin\nAfrikaans: tuin\nBerbice Creole Dutch: tun\nSkepi Creole Dutch: tun\nLimburgish: toen\nWest Flemish: tuun\nZealandic: tuun\nOld High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)\nMiddle High German: zūn, zoun\nGerman: Zaun\nLuxembourgish: Zonk\nVilamovian: caojn\n→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "tún",
"g": "n",
"t": "field, enclosure"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)\nIcelandic: tún\nFaroese: tún\nNorwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton\nSwedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna\nDanish: tun, Tune\nNorwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)\nIcelandic: tún\nFaroese: tún\nNorwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton\nSwedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna\nDanish: tun, Tune\nNorwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*dūnom",
"t": "stronghold, rampart"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tūną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tūnamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tūną",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fence"
],
"links": [
[
"fence",
"fence"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"enclosure"
],
"links": [
[
"enclosure",
"enclosure"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtuː.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Grimm's law"
],
"word": "tūną"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tūną meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.