See swestēr in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swester"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *swester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *swester"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "sweostor"
},
"expansion": "Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster\nMiddle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)\nEnglish: sister\n→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)\n→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)\n→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)\nScots: sister, syster\nYola: zister",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster\nMiddle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)\nEnglish: sister\n→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)\n→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)\n→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)\nScots: sister, syster\nYola: zister"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "swester"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: swester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: swester"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Söl'ring: Sester"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Fering: saster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Öömrang: saster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Halunder: Söster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bökingharde: süster"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Suster"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Suster",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Suster"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "suster"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: suster",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: suster"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "swestar"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: swestar\nMiddle Low German: süster, syster, swester\nLow German: swester, süster, syster\nPlautdietsch: Sesta",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: swestar\nMiddle Low German: süster, syster, swester\nLow German: swester, süster, syster\nPlautdietsch: Sesta"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*swestar"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *swestar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *swestar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "suster"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: suster\nDutch: zuster\nAfrikaans: suster\nBerbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro\nSkepi Creole Dutch: soster\n→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester\n→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester\n→ Indonesian: suster\n→ Saramaccan: soosútu\nLimburgish: zöster",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: suster\nDutch: zuster\nAfrikaans: suster\nBerbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro\nSkepi Creole Dutch: soster\n→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester\n→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester\n→ Indonesian: suster\n→ Saramaccan: soosútu\nLimburgish: zöster"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swester"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swester\nMiddle High German: swëster, suster, süster\nAlemannic German: Schwöschter\nItalian Walser: schweschter\nBavarian:\nCimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar\nMòcheno: schbester\nUdinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar\nCentral Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)\nGerman: Schwester\n→ Central Franconian: Schwester\n→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster\nHunsrik: Schwesder\nLuxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)\nPennsylvania German: Schweschder\nVilamovian: syster\nYiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swester\nMiddle High German: swëster, suster, süster\nAlemannic German: Schwöschter\nItalian Walser: schweschter\nBavarian:\nCimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar\nMòcheno: schbester\nUdinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar\nCentral Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)\nGerman: Schwester\n→ Central Franconian: Schwester\n→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster\nHunsrik: Schwesder\nLuxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)\nPennsylvania German: Schweschder\nVilamovian: syster\nYiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "systir"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: systir\nIcelandic: systir\nFaroese: systir\nNorwegian Bokmål: søster\nNorwegian Nynorsk: syster\nOld Swedish: systir\nSwedish: syster\nDanish: søster\nOld Gutnish: systir\nGutnish: systar",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: systir\nIcelandic: systir\nFaroese: systir\nNorwegian Bokmål: søster\nNorwegian Nynorsk: syster\nOld Swedish: systir\nSwedish: syster\nDanish: søster\nOld Gutnish: systir\nGutnish: systar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Germanic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gme-cgo",
"2": "schwester"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Gothic: schwester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Gothic: schwester"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swésōr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swésōr",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Remodeled based on analogy with *-tēr kinship words, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. This may well have been triggered by the insertion of *-t- in the cluster *-sr- that arose in several oblique case forms, a change which is also found in *þimstr (“dark, dusky”) and *Austrǭ (“springtime, Easter; a goddess of spring and fertility”) and is therefore likely a regular sound change in Proto-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "r-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "swestēr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swistriz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swester",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swistriz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swesterų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swesturz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swistri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swestēr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sister"
],
"id": "en-swestēr-gem-pro-noun-GYDTkn8H",
"links": [
[
"sister",
"sister"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswes.tɛːr/"
}
],
"word": "swestēr"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swester"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *swester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *swester"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "sweostor"
},
"expansion": "Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster\nMiddle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)\nEnglish: sister\n→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)\n→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)\n→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)\nScots: sister, syster\nYola: zister",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster\nMiddle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)\nEnglish: sister\n→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)\n→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)\n→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)\nScots: sister, syster\nYola: zister"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "swester"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: swester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: swester"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Söl'ring: Sester"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Fering: saster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Öömrang: saster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Halunder: Söster"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bökingharde: süster"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Suster"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Suster",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Suster"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "suster"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: suster",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: suster"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "swestar"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: swestar\nMiddle Low German: süster, syster, swester\nLow German: swester, süster, syster\nPlautdietsch: Sesta",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: swestar\nMiddle Low German: süster, syster, swester\nLow German: swester, süster, syster\nPlautdietsch: Sesta"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*swestar"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *swestar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *swestar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "suster"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: suster\nDutch: zuster\nAfrikaans: suster\nBerbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro\nSkepi Creole Dutch: soster\n→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester\n→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester\n→ Indonesian: suster\n→ Saramaccan: soosútu\nLimburgish: zöster",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: suster\nDutch: zuster\nAfrikaans: suster\nBerbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro\nSkepi Creole Dutch: soster\n→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester\n→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester\n→ Indonesian: suster\n→ Saramaccan: soosútu\nLimburgish: zöster"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swester"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swester\nMiddle High German: swëster, suster, süster\nAlemannic German: Schwöschter\nItalian Walser: schweschter\nBavarian:\nCimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar\nMòcheno: schbester\nUdinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar\nCentral Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)\nGerman: Schwester\n→ Central Franconian: Schwester\n→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster\nHunsrik: Schwesder\nLuxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)\nPennsylvania German: Schweschder\nVilamovian: syster\nYiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swester\nMiddle High German: swëster, suster, süster\nAlemannic German: Schwöschter\nItalian Walser: schweschter\nBavarian:\nCimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar\nMòcheno: schbester\nUdinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar\nCentral Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)\nGerman: Schwester\n→ Central Franconian: Schwester\n→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster\nHunsrik: Schwesder\nLuxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)\nPennsylvania German: Schweschder\nVilamovian: syster\nYiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "systir"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: systir\nIcelandic: systir\nFaroese: systir\nNorwegian Bokmål: søster\nNorwegian Nynorsk: syster\nOld Swedish: systir\nSwedish: syster\nDanish: søster\nOld Gutnish: systir\nGutnish: systar",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: systir\nIcelandic: systir\nFaroese: systir\nNorwegian Bokmål: søster\nNorwegian Nynorsk: syster\nOld Swedish: systir\nSwedish: syster\nDanish: søster\nOld Gutnish: systir\nGutnish: systar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Germanic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gme-cgo",
"2": "schwester"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Gothic: schwester",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Gothic: schwester"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swésōr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swésōr",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Remodeled based on analogy with *-tēr kinship words, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. This may well have been triggered by the insertion of *-t- in the cluster *-sr- that arose in several oblique case forms, a change which is also found in *þimstr (“dark, dusky”) and *Austrǭ (“springtime, Easter; a goddess of spring and fertility”) and is therefore likely a regular sound change in Proto-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "r-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "swestēr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swistriz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swester",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swistriz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swesterų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swesturz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swistri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swestrumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swestēr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic r-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"gem-pro:Family members"
],
"glosses": [
"sister"
],
"links": [
[
"sister",
"sister"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswes.tɛːr/"
}
],
"word": "swestēr"
}
Download raw JSONL data for swestēr meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.