See panningaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*panning"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning\nOld English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ\nMiddle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening\nEnglish: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)\nScots: penny\n→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)\nIrish: pingin\n→ Old Spanish:\nSpanish: penique\nOld Frisian: panning, penning, pennig\nSaterland Frisian: Pännich\nWest Frisian: pinning\nOld Saxon: penning, pennig\nMiddle Low German: pennink\nGerman Low German: Penning, Penn\nOld Dutch: *penning\nMiddle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig\nDutch: penning\nLimburgish: penning\nOld High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning\nMiddle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc\nCentral Franconian: Penning, Pennek\nLuxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)\nGerman: Pfennig\n→ English: pfennig\n→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning\nOld English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ\nMiddle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening\nEnglish: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)\nScots: penny\n→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)\nIrish: pingin\n→ Old Spanish:\nSpanish: penique\nOld Frisian: panning, penning, pennig\nSaterland Frisian: Pännich\nWest Frisian: pinning\nOld Saxon: penning, pennig\nMiddle Low German: pennink\nGerman Low German: Penning, Penn\nOld Dutch: *penning\nMiddle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig\nDutch: penning\nLimburgish: penning\nOld High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning\nMiddle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc\nCentral Franconian: Penning, Pennek\nLuxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)\nGerman: Pfennig\n→ English: pfennig\n→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "penningr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: penningr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: penningr; pengr (late)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "peningur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: peningur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: peningur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "peningur",
"3": "pengar",
"4": "pengar"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrn",
"2": "pengar"
},
"expansion": "Norn: pengar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norn: pengar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "pengar",
"3": "peng",
"4": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "penger",
"3": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "pænninger"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: pænninger",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: pænninger"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "penning",
"3": "pengar",
"4": "peng"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: penning, pengar, peng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: penning, pengar, peng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "penninki",
"3": "penni",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: penninki, penni",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: penninki, penni"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "pæning"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: pæning",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: pæning"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "penning",
"3": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Danish: penning, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: penning, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "peningg",
"3": "peningger",
"4": "paingger",
"5": "peng"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "penningg",
"3": "peningg"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: penningg, peningg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: penningg, peningg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěnędzь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Slavic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěnędzь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "phant"
},
"expansion": "Old High German phant",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pondus",
"t": "weight"
},
"expansion": "Latin pondus (“weight”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "xpu",
"3": "𐤐𐤍",
"t": "face",
"ts": "pani"
},
"expansion": "Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect with *pandan- (“pledge”) (Old High German phant) or their possible etymon, Latin pondus (“weight”). The second part of the word is probably *-ingaz. The first part is possibly a borrowing of one of these Latin words:\n* panna (“pan”), with a semantic shift explained as a penny being a \"coin with a concave form\" (per De Vries/De Tollenaere), or\n* pannus (“piece of cloth”), because cloth was often used as means of payment.\nVennemann suggests another possibility, following from his (controversial) Punic superstrate theory: that *paning may derive from Carthaginian traders' jargon use of Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”) to mean \"coin\", as almost all Carthaginian coins depicted the face of Tanit (a goddess who was herself known as the \"face of Baal\"), and even the second-most common motif was the face of Melqart; Vennemann further speculates that the variants *panning and *panding preserved the bimoric nature of the Punic word.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "panningaz",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "pandingaz",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "pantingaz",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "panningaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panning",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panninganz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/panningaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a coin, penny"
],
"id": "en-panningaz-gem-pro-noun-r6n8vcnz",
"links": [
[
"coin",
"coin"
],
[
"penny",
"penny"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pandingaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑn.niŋ.ɡɑz/"
}
],
"word": "panningaz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*panning"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning\nOld English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ\nMiddle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening\nEnglish: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)\nScots: penny\n→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)\nIrish: pingin\n→ Old Spanish:\nSpanish: penique\nOld Frisian: panning, penning, pennig\nSaterland Frisian: Pännich\nWest Frisian: pinning\nOld Saxon: penning, pennig\nMiddle Low German: pennink\nGerman Low German: Penning, Penn\nOld Dutch: *penning\nMiddle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig\nDutch: penning\nLimburgish: penning\nOld High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning\nMiddle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc\nCentral Franconian: Penning, Pennek\nLuxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)\nGerman: Pfennig\n→ English: pfennig\n→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning\nOld English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ\nMiddle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening\nEnglish: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)\nScots: penny\n→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)\nIrish: pingin\n→ Old Spanish:\nSpanish: penique\nOld Frisian: panning, penning, pennig\nSaterland Frisian: Pännich\nWest Frisian: pinning\nOld Saxon: penning, pennig\nMiddle Low German: pennink\nGerman Low German: Penning, Penn\nOld Dutch: *penning\nMiddle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig\nDutch: penning\nLimburgish: penning\nOld High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning\nMiddle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc\nCentral Franconian: Penning, Pennek\nLuxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)\nGerman: Pfennig\n→ English: pfennig\n→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "penningr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: penningr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: penningr; pengr (late)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "peningur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: peningur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: peningur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "peningur",
"3": "pengar",
"4": "pengar"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrn",
"2": "pengar"
},
"expansion": "Norn: pengar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norn: pengar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "pengar",
"3": "peng",
"4": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "penger",
"3": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "pænninger"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: pænninger",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: pænninger"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "penning",
"3": "pengar",
"4": "peng"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: penning, pengar, peng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: penning, pengar, peng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "penninki",
"3": "penni",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: penninki, penni",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: penninki, penni"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "pæning"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: pæning",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: pæning"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "penning",
"3": "penge"
},
"expansion": "Danish: penning, penge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: penning, penge"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "peningg",
"3": "peningger",
"4": "paingger",
"5": "peng"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "penningg",
"3": "peningg"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: penningg, peningg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: penningg, peningg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěnędzь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Slavic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěnędzь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "phant"
},
"expansion": "Old High German phant",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pondus",
"t": "weight"
},
"expansion": "Latin pondus (“weight”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "xpu",
"3": "𐤐𐤍",
"t": "face",
"ts": "pani"
},
"expansion": "Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect with *pandan- (“pledge”) (Old High German phant) or their possible etymon, Latin pondus (“weight”). The second part of the word is probably *-ingaz. The first part is possibly a borrowing of one of these Latin words:\n* panna (“pan”), with a semantic shift explained as a penny being a \"coin with a concave form\" (per De Vries/De Tollenaere), or\n* pannus (“piece of cloth”), because cloth was often used as means of payment.\nVennemann suggests another possibility, following from his (controversial) Punic superstrate theory: that *paning may derive from Carthaginian traders' jargon use of Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”) to mean \"coin\", as almost all Carthaginian coins depicted the face of Tanit (a goddess who was herself known as the \"face of Baal\"), and even the second-most common motif was the face of Melqart; Vennemann further speculates that the variants *panning and *panding preserved the bimoric nature of the Punic word.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "panningaz",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "pandingaz",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "pantingaz",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "panningaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panning",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "panningą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panninganz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "panningō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "panningamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/panningaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Latin",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Punic",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gem-pro:Money"
],
"glosses": [
"a coin, penny"
],
"links": [
[
"coin",
"coin"
],
[
"penny",
"penny"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑn.niŋ.ɡɑz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pandingaz"
}
],
"word": "panningaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for panningaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.