See hraukaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hraukilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrauk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hrēac"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian\nMiddle English: rek, reek, reke\nEnglish: reek, rick\nMiddle Scots: reek, rick",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian\nMiddle English: rek, reek, reke\nEnglish: reek, rick\nMiddle Scots: reek, rick"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "hrōk"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: hrōk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: hrōk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*hrouk",
"3": "*hrōk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "rooc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: rooc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: rooc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "rook"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: rook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: rook"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hraukr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hraukr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hraukr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hraukur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hraukur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hraukur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "reykur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: reykur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: reykur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "rauk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "røker",
"alt": "rø̄ker"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: rø̄ker",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: rø̄ker"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rök"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: rök",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: rök"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "røg"
},
"expansion": "Danish: røg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: røg"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "rauk"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rauk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "*rowk",
"3": "roke",
"4": "rooke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rowke",
"3": "rouk",
"4": "rook"
},
"expansion": "Scots: rowke, rouk, rook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: rowke, rouk, rook"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "? Finnic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "rõuk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Estonian: rõuk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Estonian: rõuk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "röykkiö",
"3": "roukkio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "roukko",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: roukko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: roukko"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "rouk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Veps: rouk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Veps: rouk"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewH-",
"t": "to heap up"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; but apparently cognate with Lithuanian kruvà, krûvà (“pile, heap, stack”), Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn, rick”). Possibly Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrauką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hraukaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "back, spine, ridge",
"word": "hrugjaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "heap, pile",
"word": "hrūgǭ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hrukō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pile (of stones); heap"
],
"id": "en-hraukaz-gem-pro-noun-a1czCZ1G",
"links": [
[
"pile",
"pile"
],
[
"heap",
"heap"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*hrūgǭ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"haystack"
],
"id": "en-hraukaz-gem-pro-noun-Pyni7ezb",
"links": [
[
"haystack",
"haystack"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxrɑu̯.kɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "hraukaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hraukilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrauk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hrēac"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian\nMiddle English: rek, reek, reke\nEnglish: reek, rick\nMiddle Scots: reek, rick",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian\nMiddle English: rek, reek, reke\nEnglish: reek, rick\nMiddle Scots: reek, rick"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "hrōk"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: hrōk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: hrōk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*hrouk",
"3": "*hrōk"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "rooc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: rooc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: rooc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "rook"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: rook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: rook"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hraukr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hraukr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hraukr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hraukur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hraukur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hraukur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "reykur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: reykur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: reykur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "rauk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "røker",
"alt": "rø̄ker"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: rø̄ker",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: rø̄ker"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rök"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: rök",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: rök"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "røg"
},
"expansion": "Danish: røg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: røg"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "rauk"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rauk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: rauk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: rauk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "*rowk",
"3": "roke",
"4": "rooke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rowke",
"3": "rouk",
"4": "rook"
},
"expansion": "Scots: rowke, rouk, rook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: rowke, rouk, rook"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "? Finnic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "rõuk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Estonian: rõuk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Estonian: rõuk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "röykkiö",
"3": "roukkio",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "roukko",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: roukko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: roukko"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "rouk",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Veps: rouk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Veps: rouk"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewH-",
"t": "to heap up"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; but apparently cognate with Lithuanian kruvà, krûvà (“pile, heap, stack”), Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn, rick”). Possibly Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrauką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hraukamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hraukaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "back, spine, ridge",
"word": "hrugjaz"
},
{
"english": "heap, pile",
"word": "hrūgǭ"
},
{
"word": "hrukō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pile (of stones); heap"
],
"links": [
[
"pile",
"pile"
],
[
"heap",
"heap"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*hrūgǭ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"haystack"
],
"links": [
[
"haystack",
"haystack"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxrɑu̯.kɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "hraukaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hraukaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.