"harmaz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

See harmaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /ˈxɑr.mɑz/
Etymology: Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-. Etymology templates: {{inh|gem-pro|ine-pro||*pḱór-mo-s|t=shame, grief, torment, pain}} Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), {{cog|sla-pro|*sormъ|t=shame}} Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), {{cog|fa|شرم|t=idem⁩|tr=šarm}} Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), {{cog|ae|𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀|t=sense of shame}} Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”) Head templates: {{tlb|gem-pro|West Germanic}} (West Germanic) Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-adj-a|harm}}, {{gem-decl-adj-table2|*harmaz|*harmanǭ|*harmas, -is|*harmammai|*harmanō|*harmai|*harmanz|*harmaizǫ̂|*harmaimaz|*harmaimiz|*harmō|*harmǭ|*harmaizōz|*harmaizōi|*harmaizō|*harmôz|*harmōz|*harmaizǫ̂|*harmaimaz|*harmaimiz|*harmą, -atō|*harmą, -atō|*harmas, -is|*harmammai|*harmanō|*harmō|*harmō|*harmaizǫ̂|*harmaimaz|*harmaimiz|*harmô|*harmanų|*harminiz|*harmini|*harminē|*harmaniz|*harmanunz|*harmanǫ̂|*harmammaz|*harmammiz|*harmǭ|*harmōnų|*harmōniz|*harmōni|*harmōnē|*harmōniz|*harmōnunz|*harmōnǫ̂|*harmōmaz|*harmōmiz|*harmô|*harmô|*harminiz|*harmini|*harminē|*harmōnō|*harmōnō|*harmanǫ̂|*harmammaz|*harmammiz|title=*harmaz (a-stem)}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], harmaz [masculine, nominative, singular, strong], harmai [masculine, nominative, plural, strong], harmō [feminine, nominative, singular, strong], harmôz [feminine, nominative, plural, strong], harmą [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], -atō [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], harmō [neuter, nominative, plural, strong], harmanǭ [accusative, masculine, singular, strong], harmanz [accusative, masculine, plural, strong], harmǭ [accusative, feminine, singular, strong], harmōz [accusative, feminine, plural, strong], harmą [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], -atō [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], harmō [accusative, neuter, plural, strong], harmas [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], -is [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], harmaizǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, strong], harmaizōz [feminine, genitive, singular, strong], harmaizǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, strong], harmas [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], -is [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], harmaizǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, strong], harmammai [dative, masculine, singular, strong], harmaimaz [dative, masculine, plural, strong], harmaizōi [dative, feminine, singular, strong], harmaimaz [dative, feminine, plural, strong], harmammai [dative, neuter, singular, strong], harmaimaz [dative, neuter, plural, strong], harmanō [instrumental, masculine, singular, strong], harmaimiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, strong], harmaizō [feminine, instrumental, singular, strong], harmaimiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, strong], harmanō [instrumental, neuter, singular, strong], harmaimiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, strong], harmô [masculine, nominative, singular, weak], harmaniz [masculine, nominative, plural, weak], harmǭ [feminine, nominative, singular, weak], harmōniz [feminine, nominative, plural, weak], harmô [neuter, nominative, singular, weak], harmōnō [neuter, nominative, plural, weak], harmanų [accusative, masculine, singular, weak], harmanunz [accusative, masculine, plural, weak], harmōnų [accusative, feminine, singular, weak], harmōnunz [accusative, feminine, plural, weak], harmô [accusative, neuter, singular, weak], harmōnō [accusative, neuter, plural, weak], harminiz [genitive, masculine, singular, weak], harmanǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, weak], harmōniz [feminine, genitive, singular, weak], harmōnǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, weak], harminiz [genitive, neuter, singular, weak], harmanǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, weak], harmini [dative, masculine, singular, weak], harmammaz [dative, masculine, plural, weak], harmōni [dative, feminine, singular, weak], harmōmaz [dative, feminine, plural, weak], harmini [dative, neuter, singular, weak], harmammaz [dative, neuter, plural, weak], harminē [instrumental, masculine, singular, weak], harmammiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, weak], harmōnē [feminine, instrumental, singular, weak], harmōmiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, weak], harminē [instrumental, neuter, singular, weak], harmammiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, weak]
  1. painful; sorrowful; doleful Tags: Germanic, West, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-harmaz-gem-pro-adj-aqvXjqOy Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header, West Proto-Germanic Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 85 0 15 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 90 0 10 Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 88 2 10 Disambiguation of West Proto-Germanic: 88 4 8
  2. harmful; malicious; evil Tags: Germanic, West, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-harmaz-gem-pro-adj-CzG2fXUP

Noun

IPA: /ˈxɑr.mɑz/
Etymology: Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-. Etymology templates: {{inh|gem-pro|ine-pro||*pḱór-mo-s|t=shame, grief, torment, pain}} Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), {{cog|sla-pro|*sormъ|t=shame}} Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), {{cog|fa|شرم|t=idem⁩|tr=šarm}} Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), {{cog|ae|𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀|t=sense of shame}} Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”) Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-noun}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], harmaz [nominative, singular], harmōz [nominative, plural], harmōs [nominative, plural], harm [singular, vocative], harmōz [plural, vocative], harmōs [plural, vocative], harmą [accusative, singular], harmanz [accusative, plural], harmas [genitive, singular], harmis [genitive, singular], harmǫ̂ [genitive, plural], harmai [dative, singular], harmamaz [dative, plural], harmō [instrumental, singular], harmamiz [instrumental, plural]
  1. harm; shame; pain; injury Tags: Germanic, West, masculine, reconstruction Derived forms: harmalausaz, harmāną, harmijaną Related terms: harmōną
    Sense id: en-harmaz-gem-pro-noun-PidK9YY6
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*harm",
            "id": "painful"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: *harm (possibly)\n→ Old Danish: harm\nDanish: harm\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: *harm (possibly)\n→ Old Danish: harm\nDanish: harm\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pḱór-mo-s",
        "t": "shame, grief, torment, pain"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*sormъ",
        "t": "shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "شرم",
        "t": "idem⁩",
        "tr": "šarm"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀",
        "t": "sense of shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj-a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "West Germanic"
      },
      "expansion": "(West Germanic)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "harm"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-a"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*harmaz",
        "10": "*harmaimiz",
        "11": "*harmō",
        "12": "*harmǭ",
        "13": "*harmaizōz",
        "14": "*harmaizōi",
        "15": "*harmaizō",
        "16": "*harmôz",
        "17": "*harmōz",
        "18": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "19": "*harmaimaz",
        "2": "*harmanǭ",
        "20": "*harmaimiz",
        "21": "*harmą, -atō",
        "22": "*harmą, -atō",
        "23": "*harmas, -is",
        "24": "*harmammai",
        "25": "*harmanō",
        "26": "*harmō",
        "27": "*harmō",
        "28": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "29": "*harmaimaz",
        "3": "*harmas, -is",
        "30": "*harmaimiz",
        "31": "*harmô",
        "32": "*harmanų",
        "33": "*harminiz",
        "34": "*harmini",
        "35": "*harminē",
        "36": "*harmaniz",
        "37": "*harmanunz",
        "38": "*harmanǫ̂",
        "39": "*harmammaz",
        "4": "*harmammai",
        "40": "*harmammiz",
        "41": "*harmǭ",
        "42": "*harmōnų",
        "43": "*harmōniz",
        "44": "*harmōni",
        "45": "*harmōnē",
        "46": "*harmōniz",
        "47": "*harmōnunz",
        "48": "*harmōnǫ̂",
        "49": "*harmōmaz",
        "5": "*harmanō",
        "50": "*harmōmiz",
        "51": "*harmô",
        "52": "*harmô",
        "53": "*harminiz",
        "54": "*harmini",
        "55": "*harminē",
        "56": "*harmōnō",
        "57": "*harmōnō",
        "58": "*harmanǫ̂",
        "59": "*harmammaz",
        "6": "*harmai",
        "60": "*harmammiz",
        "7": "*harmanz",
        "8": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "9": "*harmaimaz",
        "title": "*harmaz (a-stem)"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-table2"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "85 0 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "90 0 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "88 2 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "88 4 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "West Proto-Germanic",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "painful; sorrowful; doleful"
      ],
      "id": "en-harmaz-gem-pro-adj-aqvXjqOy",
      "links": [
        [
          "painful",
          "painful"
        ],
        [
          "sorrowful",
          "sorrowful"
        ],
        [
          "doleful",
          "doleful"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "harmful; malicious; evil"
      ],
      "id": "en-harmaz-gem-pro-adj-CzG2fXUP",
      "links": [
        [
          "harmful",
          "harmful"
        ],
        [
          "malicious",
          "malicious"
        ],
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxɑr.mɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "harmaz"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*harm",
            "id": "pain"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nMiddle English: harm, harem, arme, herme\nEnglish: harm\nScots: herm, hairm\nYola: harrm\nOld Frisian: herm (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: harm, herm\nOld Dutch: harm\nMiddle Dutch: harm\nDutch: harm\nOld High German: harm, haram\nMiddle High German: harm\nGerman: Harm",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nMiddle English: harm, harem, arme, herme\nEnglish: harm\nScots: herm, hairm\nYola: harrm\nOld Frisian: herm (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: harm, herm\nOld Dutch: harm\nMiddle Dutch: harm\nDutch: harm\nOld High German: harm, haram\nMiddle High German: harm\nGerman: Harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "harmr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: harmr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: harmr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "harmur"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: harmur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: harmur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "harmligur"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: harmligur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "(Faroese: harmligur)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "harme"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: harme",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: harme"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "harm"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: harm",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmq-osw",
            "2": "harmber"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Swedish: harmber",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Swedish: harmber"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "harm"
          },
          "expansion": "Swedish: harm",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swedish: harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "harmi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: harmi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: harmi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "harme"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: harme",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: harme"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pḱór-mo-s",
        "t": "shame, grief, torment, pain"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*sormъ",
        "t": "shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "شرم",
        "t": "idem⁩",
        "tr": "šarm"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀",
        "t": "sense of shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "harmalausaz"
        },
        {
          "word": "harmāną"
        },
        {
          "word": "harmijaną"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "harm; shame; pain; injury"
      ],
      "id": "en-harmaz-gem-pro-noun-PidK9YY6",
      "links": [
        [
          "harm",
          "harm"
        ],
        [
          "shame",
          "shame"
        ],
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "injury",
          "injury"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "harmōną"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxɑr.mɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "harmaz"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
    "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic adjectives",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "West Proto-Germanic"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*harm",
            "id": "painful"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: *harm (possibly)\n→ Old Danish: harm\nDanish: harm\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: *harm (possibly)\n→ Old Danish: harm\nDanish: harm\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pḱór-mo-s",
        "t": "shame, grief, torment, pain"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*sormъ",
        "t": "shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "شرم",
        "t": "idem⁩",
        "tr": "šarm"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀",
        "t": "sense of shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj-a",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-atō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmini",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harminē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "West Germanic"
      },
      "expansion": "(West Germanic)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "harm"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-a"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*harmaz",
        "10": "*harmaimiz",
        "11": "*harmō",
        "12": "*harmǭ",
        "13": "*harmaizōz",
        "14": "*harmaizōi",
        "15": "*harmaizō",
        "16": "*harmôz",
        "17": "*harmōz",
        "18": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "19": "*harmaimaz",
        "2": "*harmanǭ",
        "20": "*harmaimiz",
        "21": "*harmą, -atō",
        "22": "*harmą, -atō",
        "23": "*harmas, -is",
        "24": "*harmammai",
        "25": "*harmanō",
        "26": "*harmō",
        "27": "*harmō",
        "28": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "29": "*harmaimaz",
        "3": "*harmas, -is",
        "30": "*harmaimiz",
        "31": "*harmô",
        "32": "*harmanų",
        "33": "*harminiz",
        "34": "*harmini",
        "35": "*harminē",
        "36": "*harmaniz",
        "37": "*harmanunz",
        "38": "*harmanǫ̂",
        "39": "*harmammaz",
        "4": "*harmammai",
        "40": "*harmammiz",
        "41": "*harmǭ",
        "42": "*harmōnų",
        "43": "*harmōniz",
        "44": "*harmōni",
        "45": "*harmōnē",
        "46": "*harmōniz",
        "47": "*harmōnunz",
        "48": "*harmōnǫ̂",
        "49": "*harmōmaz",
        "5": "*harmanō",
        "50": "*harmōmiz",
        "51": "*harmô",
        "52": "*harmô",
        "53": "*harminiz",
        "54": "*harmini",
        "55": "*harminē",
        "56": "*harmōnō",
        "57": "*harmōnō",
        "58": "*harmanǫ̂",
        "59": "*harmammaz",
        "6": "*harmai",
        "60": "*harmammiz",
        "7": "*harmanz",
        "8": "*harmaizǫ̂",
        "9": "*harmaimaz",
        "title": "*harmaz (a-stem)"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-adj-table2"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "painful; sorrowful; doleful"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "painful",
          "painful"
        ],
        [
          "sorrowful",
          "sorrowful"
        ],
        [
          "doleful",
          "doleful"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "harmful; malicious; evil"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "harmful",
          "harmful"
        ],
        [
          "malicious",
          "malicious"
        ],
        [
          "evil",
          "evil"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxɑr.mɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "harmaz"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
    "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic adjectives",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "West Proto-Germanic"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "harmalausaz"
    },
    {
      "word": "harmāną"
    },
    {
      "word": "harmijaną"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*harm",
            "id": "pain"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nMiddle English: harm, harem, arme, herme\nEnglish: harm\nScots: herm, hairm\nYola: harrm\nOld Frisian: herm (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: harm, herm\nOld Dutch: harm\nMiddle Dutch: harm\nDutch: harm\nOld High German: harm, haram\nMiddle High German: harm\nGerman: Harm",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *harm\nOld English: hearm\nMiddle English: harm, harem, arme, herme\nEnglish: harm\nScots: herm, hairm\nYola: harrm\nOld Frisian: herm (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: harm\nMiddle Low German: harm, herm\nOld Dutch: harm\nMiddle Dutch: harm\nDutch: harm\nOld High German: harm, haram\nMiddle High German: harm\nGerman: Harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "harmr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: harmr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: harmr"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "harmur"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: harmur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: harmur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "harmligur"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: harmligur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "(Faroese: harmligur)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "harme"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: harme",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: harme"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "harm"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: harm",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmq-osw",
            "2": "harmber"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Swedish: harmber",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Swedish: harmber"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "harm"
          },
          "expansion": "Swedish: harm",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swedish: harm"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "harmi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: harmi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: harmi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "harme"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: harme",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: harme"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*pḱór-mo-s",
        "t": "shame, grief, torment, pain"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*sormъ",
        "t": "shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fa",
        "2": "شرم",
        "t": "idem⁩",
        "tr": "šarm"
      },
      "expansion": "Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀",
        "t": "sense of shame"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harmamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "harmōną"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "harm; shame; pain; injury"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "harm",
          "harm"
        ],
        [
          "shame",
          "shame"
        ],
        [
          "pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "injury",
          "injury"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Germanic",
        "West",
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxɑr.mɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "harmaz"
}

Download raw JSONL data for harmaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (16.3kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.