See hamaraz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hamar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hamar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hamor",
"3": "hamer",
"4": "homer"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hamor, hamer, homer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hamor, hamer, homer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "hamber"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: hamer, hamber",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: hamer, hamber"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "hammer",
"4": "hemer",
"5": "hemmer",
"6": "haimmer"
},
"expansion": "Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hammer"
},
"expansion": "English: hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hif",
"2": "haamaa",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ハンマー",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: ハンマー",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: ハンマー"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "amra",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Sranan Tongo: amra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sranan Tongo: amra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "homer"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: hamer, homer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: hamer, homer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Hoomer"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Hoomer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Hoomer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "hammer"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "hamar",
"3": "hamur"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: hamar, hamur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: hamar, hamur"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "hāmer"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: hāmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: hāmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Hamer"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "Homa"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: Homa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: Homa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*hamar"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *hamar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "oamer"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: oamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: oamer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "Håmmer"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: Håmmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: Håmmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Hammer"
},
"expansion": "German: Hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Hammer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Hummer"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Hummer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Hummer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "האַמער"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hamarr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hamarr\nIcelandic: hamar\nFaroese: hamar, hamari\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar\nElfdalian: åmår\nOld Swedish: hamar\nSwedish: hammare, hammar\nOld Danish: hamær, hambær\nDanish: hammer\nNorwegian Bokmål: hammer",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hamarr\nIcelandic: hamar\nFaroese: hamar, hamari\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar\nElfdalian: åmår\nOld Swedish: hamar\nSwedish: hammare, hammar\nOld Danish: hamær, hambær\nDanish: hammer\nNorwegian Bokmål: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "hammare",
"3": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: hammare, hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: hammare, hamar"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éḱmō",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अश्मन्",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अश्मर",
"t": "stony",
"tr": "aśmará"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kā́ˀmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*hamara",
"t": "butt of an axe, back of a knife"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)). But the phonology is problematic; even the metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō does not account for the Germanic short vowel. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamaraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hammer"
],
"id": "en-hamaraz-gem-pro-noun-PvgcsYva",
"links": [
[
"hammer",
"hammer"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hamaraz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hamar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hamar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hamor",
"3": "hamer",
"4": "homer"
},
"expansion": "Old English: hamor, hamer, homer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: hamor, hamer, homer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "hamber"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: hamer, hamber",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: hamer, hamber"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "hammer",
"4": "hemer",
"5": "hemmer",
"6": "haimmer"
},
"expansion": "Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hammer"
},
"expansion": "English: hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hif",
"2": "haamaa",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ハンマー",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: ハンマー",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: ハンマー"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "srn",
"2": "amra",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Sranan Tongo: amra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sranan Tongo: amra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "hamer",
"3": "homer"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: hamer, homer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: hamer, homer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Hoomer"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Hoomer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Hoomer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "hammer"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "hamar",
"3": "hamur"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: hamar, hamur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: hamar, hamur"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "hāmer"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: hāmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: hāmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Hamer"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "Homa"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: Homa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: Homa"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*hamar"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *hamar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "oamer"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: oamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: oamer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "hamer"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: hamer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: hamer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "Håmmer"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: Håmmer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: Håmmer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Hammer"
},
"expansion": "German: Hammer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Hammer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Hummer"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Hummer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Hummer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "האַמער"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hamarr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hamarr\nIcelandic: hamar\nFaroese: hamar, hamari\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar\nElfdalian: åmår\nOld Swedish: hamar\nSwedish: hammare, hammar\nOld Danish: hamær, hambær\nDanish: hammer\nNorwegian Bokmål: hammer",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hamarr\nIcelandic: hamar\nFaroese: hamar, hamari\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar\nElfdalian: åmår\nOld Swedish: hamar\nSwedish: hammare, hammar\nOld Danish: hamær, hambær\nDanish: hammer\nNorwegian Bokmål: hammer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "hammare",
"3": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: hammare, hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: hammare, hamar"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂éḱmō",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अश्मन्",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अश्मर",
"t": "stony",
"tr": "aśmará"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*kā́ˀmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*hamara",
"t": "butt of an axe, back of a knife"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)). But the phonology is problematic; even the metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō does not account for the Germanic short vowel. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaraz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaranz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaras",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaris",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaramaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaramiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamaraz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"gem-pro:Tools"
],
"glosses": [
"hammer"
],
"links": [
[
"hammer",
"hammer"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hamaraz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hamaraz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.