See haliþaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*haliþ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ\nOld English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð\nMiddle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))\nEnglish: health\nMiddle Scots: hathill\nOld Frisian: *heleth\nSaterland Frisian: Häld\nWest Frisian: held\nOld Saxon: helith, helid\nMiddle Low German: helt\nGerman Low German: Held\n→ Danish: helt\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt\n→ Swedish: hjälte\nOld Dutch: *helit\nMiddle Dutch: helet, helt\nDutch: held\nAfrikaans: held\nOld High German: helid\nMiddle High German: helt\nGerman: Held\nYiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ\nOld English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð\nMiddle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))\nEnglish: health\nMiddle Scots: hathill\nOld Frisian: *heleth\nSaterland Frisian: Häld\nWest Frisian: held\nOld Saxon: helith, helid\nMiddle Low German: helt\nGerman Low German: Held\n→ Danish: helt\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt\n→ Swedish: hjälte\nOld Dutch: *helit\nMiddle Dutch: helet, helt\nDutch: held\nAfrikaans: held\nOld High German: helid\nMiddle High German: helt\nGerman: Held\nYiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "halr",
"3": "hǫldr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: halr, hǫldr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: halr, hǫldr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "halur",
"3": "höldur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: halur, höldur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: halur, höldur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "hauld"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvala",
"3": "",
"4": "praise, thanks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kal-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "калити",
"3": "",
"4": "to harden, cool"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "calath",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calath (“hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कलिका",
"3": "",
"4": "bud"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "caur",
"t": "warrior, hero"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish caur (“warrior, hero”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kawaros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kawaros",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "kālśke",
"t": "youth, young brahmin"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B kālśke (“youth, young brahmin”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”). Kroonen, comparing Old Irish caur (“warrior, hero”), reconstructs a quasi-Indo-European substrate term *karut- from which both the Celtic and Germanic borrowed from (note that the Celtic descendant of this root, *karuts-, is not to be confused with Proto-Celtic *kawaros, which collapsed onto the same form in Old Irish); whether Tocharian B kālśke (“youth, young brahmin”) is connected is unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haliþaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hero"
],
"id": "en-haliþaz-gem-pro-noun-rmx50Q8f",
"links": [
[
"hero",
"hero"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Friedrich Kluge",
"John Francis Davis"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxɑ.li.θɑz/"
}
],
"word": "haliþaz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*haliþ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ\nOld English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð\nMiddle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))\nEnglish: health\nMiddle Scots: hathill\nOld Frisian: *heleth\nSaterland Frisian: Häld\nWest Frisian: held\nOld Saxon: helith, helid\nMiddle Low German: helt\nGerman Low German: Held\n→ Danish: helt\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt\n→ Swedish: hjälte\nOld Dutch: *helit\nMiddle Dutch: helet, helt\nDutch: held\nAfrikaans: held\nOld High German: helid\nMiddle High German: helt\nGerman: Held\nYiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ\nOld English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð\nMiddle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))\nEnglish: health\nMiddle Scots: hathill\nOld Frisian: *heleth\nSaterland Frisian: Häld\nWest Frisian: held\nOld Saxon: helith, helid\nMiddle Low German: helt\nGerman Low German: Held\n→ Danish: helt\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt\n→ Swedish: hjälte\nOld Dutch: *helit\nMiddle Dutch: helet, helt\nDutch: held\nAfrikaans: held\nOld High German: helid\nMiddle High German: helt\nGerman: Held\nYiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "halr",
"3": "hǫldr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: halr, hǫldr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: halr, hǫldr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "halur",
"3": "höldur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: halur, höldur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: halur, höldur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "hauld"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xvala",
"3": "",
"4": "praise, thanks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kal-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "калити",
"3": "",
"4": "to harden, cool"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "calath",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish calath (“hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कलिका",
"3": "",
"4": "bud"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "caur",
"t": "warrior, hero"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish caur (“warrior, hero”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kawaros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kawaros",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "kālśke",
"t": "youth, young brahmin"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B kālśke (“youth, young brahmin”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”). Kroonen, comparing Old Irish caur (“warrior, hero”), reconstructs a quasi-Indo-European substrate term *karut- from which both the Celtic and Germanic borrowed from (note that the Celtic descendant of this root, *karuts-, is not to be confused with Proto-Celtic *kawaros, which collapsed onto the same form in Old Irish); whether Tocharian B kālśke (“youth, young brahmin”) is connected is unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haliþamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haliþaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gem-pro:People"
],
"glosses": [
"hero"
],
"links": [
[
"hero",
"hero"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Friedrich Kluge",
"John Francis Davis"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxɑ.li.θɑz/"
}
],
"word": "haliþaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for haliþaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (b81b832 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.