See gerstō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gerstō meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.9kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gerstu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu\nOld English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)\nMiddle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost\nEnglish: gorse\nYola: goss, gorr\nOld Frisian: *jerste\nSaterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste\nOld Saxon: gersta\nMiddle Low German: gerste\nGerman Low German: Garste, Garst\nPlautdietsch: Joascht\nOld Dutch: *gersta\nMiddle Dutch: gerste\nDutch: gerst\nAfrikaans: gars\n→ Xhosa: írhási\n→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)\nOld High German: gersta\nMiddle High German: gerste\nAlemannic German: Geerste\nBavarian: Geaschtn\nCimbrian: ghéersta\nMòcheno: gerst\nCentral Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nGerman: Gerste\nYiddish: גערשט (gersht)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu\nOld English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)\nMiddle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost\nEnglish: gorse\nYola: goss, gorr\nOld Frisian: *jerste\nSaterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste\nOld Saxon: gersta\nMiddle Low German: gerste\nGerman Low German: Garste, Garst\nPlautdietsch: Joascht\nOld Dutch: *gersta\nMiddle Dutch: gerste\nDutch: gerst\nAfrikaans: gars\n→ Xhosa: írhási\n→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)\nOld High German: gersta\nMiddle High German: gerste\nAlemannic German: Geerste\nBavarian: Geaschtn\nCimbrian: ghéersta\nMòcheno: gerst\nCentral Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nGerman: Gerste\nYiddish: גערשט (gersht)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰersd-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*gʰersd-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hordeum",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Latin hordeum (“barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κριθή",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "գարի",
"t": "wheat"
},
"expansion": "Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "drithë",
"t": "cereal, grain"
},
"expansion": "Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Wanderwort"
},
"expansion": "Wanderwort",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हर्षति",
"3": "",
"4": "to bristle",
"tr": "hárṣati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hirsi"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hirsi",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hirso"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hirso",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (“barley”), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”), Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”), Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”). However, given the irregular sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (“to be stiff”) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, “awn”), apparently from *bʰers- (“sharp point, tip, top”). Contrast *hirsijô (“millet”) (Old Norse hirsi, Old High German hirso).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gerstō",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "German quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"barley"
],
"id": "en-gerstō-gem-pro-noun-16nq0LFc",
"links": [
[
"barley",
"barley"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "gurstaz"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*baraz"
},
{
"word": "*barizaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣer.stɔː/"
}
],
"word": "gerstō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gerstu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu\nOld English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)\nMiddle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost\nEnglish: gorse\nYola: goss, gorr\nOld Frisian: *jerste\nSaterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste\nOld Saxon: gersta\nMiddle Low German: gerste\nGerman Low German: Garste, Garst\nPlautdietsch: Joascht\nOld Dutch: *gersta\nMiddle Dutch: gerste\nDutch: gerst\nAfrikaans: gars\n→ Xhosa: írhási\n→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)\nOld High German: gersta\nMiddle High German: gerste\nAlemannic German: Geerste\nBavarian: Geaschtn\nCimbrian: ghéersta\nMòcheno: gerst\nCentral Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nGerman: Gerste\nYiddish: גערשט (gersht)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu\nOld English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)\nMiddle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost\nEnglish: gorse\nYola: goss, gorr\nOld Frisian: *jerste\nSaterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste\nOld Saxon: gersta\nMiddle Low German: gerste\nGerman Low German: Garste, Garst\nPlautdietsch: Joascht\nOld Dutch: *gersta\nMiddle Dutch: gerste\nDutch: gerst\nAfrikaans: gars\n→ Xhosa: írhási\n→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)\nOld High German: gersta\nMiddle High German: gerste\nAlemannic German: Geerste\nBavarian: Geaschtn\nCimbrian: ghéersta\nMòcheno: gerst\nCentral Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nGerman: Gerste\nYiddish: גערשט (gersht)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰersd-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*gʰersd-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hordeum",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Latin hordeum (“barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κριθή",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "գարի",
"t": "wheat"
},
"expansion": "Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "drithë",
"t": "cereal, grain"
},
"expansion": "Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Wanderwort"
},
"expansion": "Wanderwort",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हर्षति",
"3": "",
"4": "to bristle",
"tr": "hárṣati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hirsi"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hirsi",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hirso"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hirso",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (“barley”), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”), Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”), Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”). However, given the irregular sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (“to be stiff”) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, “awn”), apparently from *bʰers- (“sharp point, tip, top”). Contrast *hirsijô (“millet”) (Old Norse hirsi, Old High German hirso).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gerstōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gerstō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "gurstaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German quotations with omitted translation",
"German terms with quotations",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰersd-",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"gem-pro:Agriculture",
"gem-pro:Grains",
"gem-pro:Hordeeae tribe grasses"
],
"glosses": [
"barley"
],
"links": [
[
"barley",
"barley"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*baraz"
},
{
"word": "*barizaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣer.stɔː/"
}
],
"word": "gerstō"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.