See fulką in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*folk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *folk\nOld English: folc\nMiddle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk\nEnglish: folk\nScots: fowk\nOld Frisian: folk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr-Amrum: folk\nSaterland Frisian: Foulk\nWest Frisian: folk\nOld Saxon: folk, folc\nMiddle Low German: volk\nLow German:\nGerman Low German:\nHamburgisch: Volk\nWestphalian:\nLippisch: Volk\nRavensbergisch: Folk\nSauerländisch: Volk\nWestmünsterländisch: Volk\nPlautdietsch: Volkj\nOld Dutch: folc\nMiddle Dutch: volc\nDutch: volk\nAfrikaans: volk\nNegerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk\n→ Sranan Tongo: folku\nLimburgish: vouk\nOld High German: folk, folc\nMiddle High German: volk\nCimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)\nGerman: Volk\nHunsrik: Follek\nLuxembourgish: Vollek\nVilamovian: fulk\nYiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)\n→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus\nCatalan: folc\nItalian: folla\nOld French: foulc (see there for further descendants)\nGalician: foula",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *folk\nOld English: folc\nMiddle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk\nEnglish: folk\nScots: fowk\nOld Frisian: folk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr-Amrum: folk\nSaterland Frisian: Foulk\nWest Frisian: folk\nOld Saxon: folk, folc\nMiddle Low German: volk\nLow German:\nGerman Low German:\nHamburgisch: Volk\nWestphalian:\nLippisch: Volk\nRavensbergisch: Folk\nSauerländisch: Volk\nWestmünsterländisch: Volk\nPlautdietsch: Volkj\nOld Dutch: folc\nMiddle Dutch: volc\nDutch: volk\nAfrikaans: volk\nNegerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk\n→ Sranan Tongo: folku\nLimburgish: vouk\nOld High German: folk, folc\nMiddle High German: volk\nCimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)\nGerman: Volk\nHunsrik: Follek\nLuxembourgish: Vollek\nVilamovian: fulk\nYiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)\n→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus\nCatalan: folc\nItalian: folla\nOld French: foulc (see there for further descendants)\nGalician: foula"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "folk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: folk, fólk\nIcelandic: fólk\nFaroese: fólk\nNorn: folekar\nNorwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk\nJamtish: fołk\nElfdalian: fuok\nOld Swedish: folk, fulk\nSwedish: folk\nOld Danish: folk\nDanish: folk\nNorwegian Bokmål: folk\nScanian: fólk\nOld Gutnish: fulk\nGutnish: fålk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: folk, fólk\nIcelandic: fólk\nFaroese: fólk\nNorn: folekar\nNorwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk\nJamtish: fołk\nElfdalian: fuok\nOld Swedish: folk, fulk\nSwedish: folk\nOld Danish: folk\nDanish: folk\nNorwegian Bokmål: folk\nScanian: fólk\nOld Gutnish: fulk\nGutnish: fålk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely"
},
"expansion": "(likely)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pъlkъ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ\nEast Slavic:\nOld East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))\nBelarusian: полк (polk)\nUkrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)\n→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk\n→ German: Pulk\n→ Latvian: pulks\nMiddle Russian: полкъ (polk)\nRussian: полк (polk)\nSouth Slavic:\nOld Church Slavonic:\nOld Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)\nGlagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)\nBulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)\nMacedonian: полк (polk)\nSerbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: пу̑к\nLatin script: pȗk\nSlovene: połk\nWest Slavic:\nCzech: pluk\nOld Polish: *pełk\nSlovak: pluk\nSorbian:\nUpper Sorbian: połk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ\nEast Slavic:\nOld East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))\nBelarusian: полк (polk)\nUkrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)\n→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk\n→ German: Pulk\n→ Latvian: pulks\nMiddle Russian: полкъ (polk)\nRussian: полк (polk)\nSouth Slavic:\nOld Church Slavonic:\nOld Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)\nGlagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)\nBulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)\nMacedonian: полк (polk)\nSerbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: пу̑к\nLatin script: pȗk\nSlovene: połk\nWest Slavic:\nCzech: pluk\nOld Polish: *pełk\nSlovak: pluk\nSorbian:\nUpper Sorbian: połk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*hulkka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*pl̥h₁-gós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "plebs",
"3": "",
"4": "common people"
},
"expansion": "Latin plebs (“common people”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ôl",
"t": "track, trace"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ôl (“track, trace”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂el-",
"t": "alien, other"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.\nOrel's connection with Welsh ôl (“track, trace”) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origin from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulką",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fulkiją"
},
{
"word": "fulkijaz"
},
{
"word": "fulkijaną"
},
{
"word": "fulkawīgą"
},
{
"word": "harjafulką"
}
],
"glosses": [
"troop, army"
],
"id": "en-fulką-gem-pro-noun-AgoqWliW",
"links": [
[
"troop",
"troop"
],
[
"army",
"army"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɸul.kɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "fulką"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "fulkiją"
},
{
"word": "fulkijaz"
},
{
"word": "fulkijaną"
},
{
"word": "fulkawīgą"
},
{
"word": "harjafulką"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*folk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *folk\nOld English: folc\nMiddle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk\nEnglish: folk\nScots: fowk\nOld Frisian: folk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr-Amrum: folk\nSaterland Frisian: Foulk\nWest Frisian: folk\nOld Saxon: folk, folc\nMiddle Low German: volk\nLow German:\nGerman Low German:\nHamburgisch: Volk\nWestphalian:\nLippisch: Volk\nRavensbergisch: Folk\nSauerländisch: Volk\nWestmünsterländisch: Volk\nPlautdietsch: Volkj\nOld Dutch: folc\nMiddle Dutch: volc\nDutch: volk\nAfrikaans: volk\nNegerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk\n→ Sranan Tongo: folku\nLimburgish: vouk\nOld High German: folk, folc\nMiddle High German: volk\nCimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)\nGerman: Volk\nHunsrik: Follek\nLuxembourgish: Vollek\nVilamovian: fulk\nYiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)\n→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus\nCatalan: folc\nItalian: folla\nOld French: foulc (see there for further descendants)\nGalician: foula",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *folk\nOld English: folc\nMiddle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk\nEnglish: folk\nScots: fowk\nOld Frisian: folk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr-Amrum: folk\nSaterland Frisian: Foulk\nWest Frisian: folk\nOld Saxon: folk, folc\nMiddle Low German: volk\nLow German:\nGerman Low German:\nHamburgisch: Volk\nWestphalian:\nLippisch: Volk\nRavensbergisch: Folk\nSauerländisch: Volk\nWestmünsterländisch: Volk\nPlautdietsch: Volkj\nOld Dutch: folc\nMiddle Dutch: volc\nDutch: volk\nAfrikaans: volk\nNegerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk\n→ Sranan Tongo: folku\nLimburgish: vouk\nOld High German: folk, folc\nMiddle High German: volk\nCimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)\nGerman: Volk\nHunsrik: Follek\nLuxembourgish: Vollek\nVilamovian: fulk\nYiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)\n→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus\nCatalan: folc\nItalian: folla\nOld French: foulc (see there for further descendants)\nGalician: foula"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "folk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: folk, fólk\nIcelandic: fólk\nFaroese: fólk\nNorn: folekar\nNorwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk\nJamtish: fołk\nElfdalian: fuok\nOld Swedish: folk, fulk\nSwedish: folk\nOld Danish: folk\nDanish: folk\nNorwegian Bokmål: folk\nScanian: fólk\nOld Gutnish: fulk\nGutnish: fålk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: folk, fólk\nIcelandic: fólk\nFaroese: fólk\nNorn: folekar\nNorwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk\nJamtish: fołk\nElfdalian: fuok\nOld Swedish: folk, fulk\nSwedish: folk\nOld Danish: folk\nDanish: folk\nNorwegian Bokmål: folk\nScanian: fólk\nOld Gutnish: fulk\nGutnish: fålk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "*𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely"
},
"expansion": "(likely)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pъlkъ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ\nEast Slavic:\nOld East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))\nBelarusian: полк (polk)\nUkrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)\n→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk\n→ German: Pulk\n→ Latvian: pulks\nMiddle Russian: полкъ (polk)\nRussian: полк (polk)\nSouth Slavic:\nOld Church Slavonic:\nOld Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)\nGlagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)\nBulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)\nMacedonian: полк (polk)\nSerbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: пу̑к\nLatin script: pȗk\nSlovene: połk\nWest Slavic:\nCzech: pluk\nOld Polish: *pełk\nSlovak: pluk\nSorbian:\nUpper Sorbian: połk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ\nEast Slavic:\nOld East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)\nOld Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))\nBelarusian: полк (polk)\nUkrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)\n→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk\n→ German: Pulk\n→ Latvian: pulks\nMiddle Russian: полкъ (polk)\nRussian: полк (polk)\nSouth Slavic:\nOld Church Slavonic:\nOld Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)\nGlagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)\nBulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)\nMacedonian: полк (polk)\nSerbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: пу̑к\nLatin script: pȗk\nSlovene: połk\nWest Slavic:\nCzech: pluk\nOld Polish: *pełk\nSlovak: pluk\nSorbian:\nUpper Sorbian: połk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*hulkka",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*pl̥h₁-gós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "plebs",
"3": "",
"4": "common people"
},
"expansion": "Latin plebs (“common people”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ôl",
"t": "track, trace"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ôl (“track, trace”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂el-",
"t": "alien, other"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.\nOrel's connection with Welsh ôl (“track, trace”) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origin from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulką",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gem-pro:Military",
"gem-pro:People"
],
"glosses": [
"troop, army"
],
"links": [
[
"troop",
"troop"
],
[
"army",
"army"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɸul.kɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "fulką"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fulką meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (b941637 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.