See fulgāną in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for fulgāną meaning in Proto-Germanic (9.5kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*folgēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *folgēn\nOld English: folgian\nMiddle English: folwen\nEnglish: follow\nScots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow\nOld Frisian: folgia, fulgia, folia\nSaterland Frisian: foulgje\nWest Frisian: folgje\nOld Saxon: folgon, fulgon\nMiddle Low German: volgen\nGerman Low German: folgen\nOld Dutch: folgon\nMiddle Dutch: volgen\nDutch: volgen\nAfrikaans: volg\nNegerhollands: volg, folok, folk\n→ Saramaccan: flakka, faáka\nLimburgish: vólge\nOld High German: folgēn, folkēn\nMiddle High German: volgen\nAlemannic German: folge\nBavarian: foign\nCimbrian: vòlgan, bòlgan\nMòcheno: volng\nGerman: folgen\nLuxembourgish: follegen\nYiddish: פֿאָלגן (folgn)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *folgēn\nOld English: folgian\nMiddle English: folwen\nEnglish: follow\nScots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow\nOld Frisian: folgia, fulgia, folia\nSaterland Frisian: foulgje\nWest Frisian: folgje\nOld Saxon: folgon, fulgon\nMiddle Low German: volgen\nGerman Low German: folgen\nOld Dutch: folgon\nMiddle Dutch: volgen\nDutch: volgen\nAfrikaans: volg\nNegerhollands: volg, folok, folk\n→ Saramaccan: flakka, faáka\nLimburgish: vólge\nOld High German: folgēn, folkēn\nMiddle High German: volgen\nAlemannic German: folge\nBavarian: foign\nCimbrian: vòlgan, bòlgan\nMòcheno: volng\nGerman: folgen\nLuxembourgish: follegen\nYiddish: פֿאָלגן (folgn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fulger"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: fulger",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "attested once"
},
"expansion": "(attested once)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: fulger (attested once)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "folger"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: folger",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: folger"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelḱ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*felhaną",
"3": "",
"4": "to conceal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibly originated as a compound of the roots of *fullaz (“full”) and *gāną (“to go”), with a sense of \"full-going\". This could have shifted to a meaning of \"to serve, go with as an attendant\" (compare also fulfill).\nAlternatively, may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-, *polḱ- (“to turn, twist, wind”), which itself might have merged with another verb to form Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”), but also (\"to go, proceed\").",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaisi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāsai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāndz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fulg"
},
"name": "gem-conj-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulgāną",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to follow"
],
"id": "en-fulgāną-gem-pro-verb-h8oRCcyX",
"links": [
[
"follow",
"follow"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "fulgijaną"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "fulgāną"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*folgēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *folgēn\nOld English: folgian\nMiddle English: folwen\nEnglish: follow\nScots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow\nOld Frisian: folgia, fulgia, folia\nSaterland Frisian: foulgje\nWest Frisian: folgje\nOld Saxon: folgon, fulgon\nMiddle Low German: volgen\nGerman Low German: folgen\nOld Dutch: folgon\nMiddle Dutch: volgen\nDutch: volgen\nAfrikaans: volg\nNegerhollands: volg, folok, folk\n→ Saramaccan: flakka, faáka\nLimburgish: vólge\nOld High German: folgēn, folkēn\nMiddle High German: volgen\nAlemannic German: folge\nBavarian: foign\nCimbrian: vòlgan, bòlgan\nMòcheno: volng\nGerman: folgen\nLuxembourgish: follegen\nYiddish: פֿאָלגן (folgn)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *folgēn\nOld English: folgian\nMiddle English: folwen\nEnglish: follow\nScots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow\nOld Frisian: folgia, fulgia, folia\nSaterland Frisian: foulgje\nWest Frisian: folgje\nOld Saxon: folgon, fulgon\nMiddle Low German: volgen\nGerman Low German: folgen\nOld Dutch: folgon\nMiddle Dutch: volgen\nDutch: volgen\nAfrikaans: volg\nNegerhollands: volg, folok, folk\n→ Saramaccan: flakka, faáka\nLimburgish: vólge\nOld High German: folgēn, folkēn\nMiddle High German: volgen\nAlemannic German: folge\nBavarian: foign\nCimbrian: vòlgan, bòlgan\nMòcheno: volng\nGerman: folgen\nLuxembourgish: follegen\nYiddish: פֿאָלגן (folgn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fulger"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: fulger",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "attested once"
},
"expansion": "(attested once)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: fulger (attested once)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "folger"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: folger",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: folger"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelḱ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*felhaną",
"3": "",
"4": "to conceal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibly originated as a compound of the roots of *fullaz (“full”) and *gāną (“to go”), with a sense of \"full-going\". This could have shifted to a meaning of \"to serve, go with as an attendant\" (compare also fulfill).\nAlternatively, may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ-, *polḱ- (“to turn, twist, wind”), which itself might have merged with another verb to form Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to conceal”), but also (\"to go, proceed\").",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaisi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāsai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāþiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgaiþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgānþai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadēdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgāndz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fulgadaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fulg"
},
"name": "gem-conj-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulgāną",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "fulgijaną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Germanic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to follow"
],
"links": [
[
"follow",
"follow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "fulgāną"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (91e95e7 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.