"drōbuz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

See drōbuz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /ˈdrɔː.βuz/
Etymology: A u-stem nominal related to *drabaz (“dregs”). Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-adj}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], drōbuz [masculine, nominative, singular, strong], drōbī [feminine, nominative, singular, strong], drōbų [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], -jatō [neuter, nominative, singular, strong], drōbijai [masculine, nominative, plural, strong], drōbijôz [feminine, nominative, plural, strong], drōbijō [neuter, nominative, plural, strong], drōbijanǭ [accusative, masculine, singular, strong], drōbijǭ [accusative, feminine, singular, strong], drōbų [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], -jatō [accusative, neuter, singular, strong], drōbijanz [accusative, masculine, plural, strong], drōbijōz [accusative, feminine, plural, strong], drōbijō [accusative, neuter, plural, strong], drōbijas [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], drōbīs [genitive, masculine, singular, strong], drōbijaizōz [feminine, genitive, singular, strong], drōbijas [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], drōbīs [genitive, neuter, singular, strong], drōbijaizǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, strong], drōbijaizǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, strong], drōbijaizǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, strong], drōbijammai [dative, masculine, singular, strong], drōbijaizōi [dative, feminine, singular, strong], drōbijammai [dative, neuter, singular, strong], drōbijaimaz [dative, masculine, plural, strong], drōbijaimaz [dative, feminine, plural, strong], drōbijaimaz [dative, neuter, plural, strong], drōbijanō [instrumental, masculine, singular, strong], drōbijaizō [feminine, instrumental, singular, strong], drōbijanō [instrumental, neuter, singular, strong], drōbijaimiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, strong], drōbijaimiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, strong], drōbijaimiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, strong], drōbijô [masculine, nominative, singular, weak], drōbijǭ [feminine, nominative, singular, weak], drōbijô [neuter, nominative, singular, weak], drōbijaniz [masculine, nominative, plural, weak], drōbijōniz [feminine, nominative, plural, weak], drōbijōnō [neuter, nominative, plural, weak], drōbijanų [accusative, masculine, singular, weak], drōbijōnų [accusative, feminine, singular, weak], drōbijô [accusative, neuter, singular, weak], drōbijanunz [accusative, masculine, plural, weak], drōbijōnunz [accusative, feminine, plural, weak], drōbijōnō [accusative, neuter, plural, weak], drōbīniz [genitive, masculine, singular, weak], drōbijōniz [feminine, genitive, singular, weak], drōbīniz [genitive, neuter, singular, weak], drōbijanǫ̂ [genitive, masculine, plural, weak], drōbijōnǫ̂ [feminine, genitive, plural, weak], drōbijanǫ̂ [genitive, neuter, plural, weak], drōbīni [dative, masculine, singular, weak], drōbijōni [dative, feminine, singular, weak], drōbīni [dative, neuter, singular, weak], drōbijammaz [dative, masculine, plural, weak], drōbijōmaz [dative, feminine, plural, weak], drōbijammaz [dative, neuter, plural, weak], drōbīnē [instrumental, masculine, singular, weak], drōbijōnē [feminine, instrumental, singular, weak], drōbīnē [instrumental, neuter, singular, weak], drōbijammiz [instrumental, masculine, plural, weak], drōbijōmiz [feminine, instrumental, plural, weak], drōbijammiz [instrumental, neuter, plural, weak]
  1. turbid, disturbed, troubled Wikipedia link: Brill Publishers Tags: reconstruction Derived forms: drōbijaną
    Sense id: en-drōbuz-gem-pro-adj-wD3glMam Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drof"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drove"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "dref"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old English",
          "lang_code": "ang",
          "word": "drōf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drof"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drove"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "dref"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old English",
          "lang_code": "ang",
          "word": "*drēfe"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "West Frisian",
                  "lang_code": "fy",
                  "word": "drôfheid"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Frisian",
              "lang_code": "ofs",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "word": "drōfhēd"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Frisian",
          "lang_code": "ofs",
          "word": "*drōf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "West Frisian",
                  "lang_code": "fy",
                  "word": "drôfheid"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Frisian",
              "lang_code": "ofs",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "word": "drōfhēd"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Frisian",
          "lang_code": "ofs",
          "word": "drēve"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "German Low German",
                  "lang_code": "nds-de",
                  "word": "drööv"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle Low German",
              "lang_code": "gml",
              "word": "drôve"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Saxon",
          "lang_code": "osx",
          "word": "drōbi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Afrikaans",
                      "lang_code": "af",
                      "word": "droef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Dutch",
                  "lang_code": "nl",
                  "word": "droef"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle Dutch",
              "lang_code": "dum",
              "word": "droeve"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Dutch",
          "lang_code": "odt",
          "word": "*druovi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trüb"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trübe"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle High German",
              "lang_code": "gmh",
              "word": "truobe"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trüb"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trübe"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle High German",
              "lang_code": "gmh",
              "word": "trüebe"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old High German",
          "lang_code": "goh",
          "word": "truobi"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
      "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
      "word": "*drōbī"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "word": "drov"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "A u-stem nominal related to *drabaz (“dregs”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbuz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-jatō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-jatō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drōbuz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "drōbijaną"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "turbid, disturbed, troubled"
      ],
      "id": "en-drōbuz-gem-pro-adj-wD3glMam",
      "links": [
        [
          "turbid",
          "turbid"
        ],
        [
          "disturbed",
          "disturbed"
        ],
        [
          "troubled",
          "troubled"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈdrɔː.βuz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "drōbuz"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "drōbijaną"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drof"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drove"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "dref"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old English",
          "lang_code": "ang",
          "word": "drōf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drof"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "drove"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
                      ],
                      "word": "drub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "English",
                  "lang_code": "en",
                  "tags": [
                    "dialectal"
                  ],
                  "word": "droff"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle English",
              "lang_code": "enm",
              "word": "dref"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old English",
          "lang_code": "ang",
          "word": "*drēfe"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "West Frisian",
                  "lang_code": "fy",
                  "word": "drôfheid"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Frisian",
              "lang_code": "ofs",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "word": "drōfhēd"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Frisian",
          "lang_code": "ofs",
          "word": "*drōf"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "West Frisian",
                  "lang_code": "fy",
                  "word": "drôfheid"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Frisian",
              "lang_code": "ofs",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "word": "drōfhēd"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Frisian",
          "lang_code": "ofs",
          "word": "drēve"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "German Low German",
                  "lang_code": "nds-de",
                  "word": "drööv"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle Low German",
              "lang_code": "gml",
              "word": "drôve"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Saxon",
          "lang_code": "osx",
          "word": "drōbi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "Afrikaans",
                      "lang_code": "af",
                      "word": "droef"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "Dutch",
                  "lang_code": "nl",
                  "word": "droef"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle Dutch",
              "lang_code": "dum",
              "word": "droeve"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Dutch",
          "lang_code": "odt",
          "word": "*druovi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trüb"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trübe"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle High German",
              "lang_code": "gmh",
              "word": "truobe"
            },
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trüb"
                },
                {
                  "descendants": [
                    {
                      "lang": "English",
                      "lang_code": "en",
                      "raw_tags": [
                        "borrowed"
                      ],
                      "word": "trub"
                    }
                  ],
                  "lang": "German",
                  "lang_code": "de",
                  "word": "trübe"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Middle High German",
              "lang_code": "gmh",
              "word": "trüebe"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old High German",
          "lang_code": "goh",
          "word": "truobi"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
      "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
      "word": "*drōbī"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "word": "drov"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "A u-stem nominal related to *drabaz (“dregs”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-adj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbuz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-jatō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-jatō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaizō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaimiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijaniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijô",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīniz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbīnē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "drōbijammiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drōbuz",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Germanic adjectives",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "turbid, disturbed, troubled"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "turbid",
          "turbid"
        ],
        [
          "disturbed",
          "disturbed"
        ],
        [
          "troubled",
          "troubled"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈdrɔː.βuz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "drōbuz"
}

Download raw JSONL data for drōbuz meaning in Proto-Germanic (11.4kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-10-01 using wiktextract (19bd8d3 and 1ab82da). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.