See drōbuz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*drōbī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī\nOld English: drōf, *drēfe\nMiddle English: drof, drove, dref\nEnglish: droff (dialectal)\n⇒ English: drub (noun)\nOld Frisian: *drōf, drēve\n⇒ Old Frisian: drōfhēd\nWest Frisian: drôfheid\nOld Saxon: drōbi\nMiddle Low German: drôve\nGerman Low German: drööv\nOld Dutch: *druovi\nMiddle Dutch: droeve\nDutch: droef\nAfrikaans: droef\nOld High German: truobi\nMiddle High German: truobe, trüebe\nGerman: trüb, trübe\n→ English: trub",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī\nOld English: drōf, *drēfe\nMiddle English: drof, drove, dref\nEnglish: droff (dialectal)\n⇒ English: drub (noun)\nOld Frisian: *drōf, drēve\n⇒ Old Frisian: drōfhēd\nWest Frisian: drôfheid\nOld Saxon: drōbi\nMiddle Low German: drôve\nGerman Low German: drööv\nOld Dutch: *druovi\nMiddle Dutch: droeve\nDutch: droef\nAfrikaans: droef\nOld High German: truobi\nMiddle High German: truobe, trüebe\nGerman: trüb, trübe\n→ English: trub"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "drov"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: drov",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: drov (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A u-stem nominal related to *drabaz (“dregs”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drōbuz",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "drōbijaną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"turbid, disturbed, troubled"
],
"id": "en-drōbuz-gem-pro-adj-wD3glMam",
"links": [
[
"turbid",
"turbid"
],
[
"disturbed",
"disturbed"
],
[
"troubled",
"troubled"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɔː.βuz/"
}
],
"word": "drōbuz"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "drōbijaną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*drōbī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī\nOld English: drōf, *drēfe\nMiddle English: drof, drove, dref\nEnglish: droff (dialectal)\n⇒ English: drub (noun)\nOld Frisian: *drōf, drēve\n⇒ Old Frisian: drōfhēd\nWest Frisian: drôfheid\nOld Saxon: drōbi\nMiddle Low German: drôve\nGerman Low German: drööv\nOld Dutch: *druovi\nMiddle Dutch: droeve\nDutch: droef\nAfrikaans: droef\nOld High German: truobi\nMiddle High German: truobe, trüebe\nGerman: trüb, trübe\n→ English: trub",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī\nOld English: drōf, *drēfe\nMiddle English: drof, drove, dref\nEnglish: droff (dialectal)\n⇒ English: drub (noun)\nOld Frisian: *drōf, drēve\n⇒ Old Frisian: drōfhēd\nWest Frisian: drôfheid\nOld Saxon: drōbi\nMiddle Low German: drôve\nGerman Low German: drööv\nOld Dutch: *druovi\nMiddle Dutch: droeve\nDutch: droef\nAfrikaans: droef\nOld High German: truobi\nMiddle High German: truobe, trüebe\nGerman: trüb, trübe\n→ English: trub"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "drov"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: drov",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: drov (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A u-stem nominal related to *drabaz (“dregs”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbīnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drōbuz",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives"
],
"glosses": [
"turbid, disturbed, troubled"
],
"links": [
[
"turbid",
"turbid"
],
[
"disturbed",
"disturbed"
],
[
"troubled",
"troubled"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɔː.βuz/"
}
],
"word": "drōbuz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for drōbuz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (89e900c and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.