See dōkaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dōk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dōk\n>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)\n⇒? Old English: dōcincel\nOld Frisian: dōk\nSaterland Frisian: Douk\nWest Frisian: doek\nOld Saxon: dōk\nMiddle Low German: dôk, dûk\nGerman Low German: Dook\n→ Old Norse: dúkr\nIcelandic: dúkur\nFaroese: dúkur\nNorwegian Bokmål: duk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: duk\nOld Swedish: dūker\nSwedish: duk, dok\nDanish: dug\nOld Dutch: *dōk, *duoc\nMiddle Dutch: doec\nDutch: doek\nAfrikaans: doek\n→ English: doek\n→ Shona: dhuku\nBerbice Creole Dutch: duku\nJersey Dutch: duk\nNegerhollands: doek, doekoe\n→ Akan: duku\n→ Nkonya: duku\n→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku\n→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Lokono: doko\n→ Aukan: duku\n→ English: duck, dook\n→ Fon: dukwí\n→ Indonesian: duk\n→ Japanese: ズック\n→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)\n→ Scots: dook\n→ Sranan Tongo: duku\n→ Caribbean Javanese: duku\n→ Dutch: doekoe\nLimburgish: dook\nOld High German: tuoh\nMiddle High German: tuoch\nAlemannic German: Tuech\nSwabian: Tuach\nCentral Franconian: Duch\nCimbrian: tuach\nGerman: Tuch\n→ Esperanto: tuko\nLuxembourgish: Duch\nPennsylvania German: Duch\nYiddish: טוך (tukh)\nLombardic: *tuoh\n→ Lombard: toh\n→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche\n→? Spanish: toca\n→ Middle French: tocque\nFrench: toque\nEnglish: toque\n→ Old High German: toh",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dōk\n>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)\n⇒? Old English: dōcincel\nOld Frisian: dōk\nSaterland Frisian: Douk\nWest Frisian: doek\nOld Saxon: dōk\nMiddle Low German: dôk, dûk\nGerman Low German: Dook\n→ Old Norse: dúkr\nIcelandic: dúkur\nFaroese: dúkur\nNorwegian Bokmål: duk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: duk\nOld Swedish: dūker\nSwedish: duk, dok\nDanish: dug\nOld Dutch: *dōk, *duoc\nMiddle Dutch: doec\nDutch: doek\nAfrikaans: doek\n→ English: doek\n→ Shona: dhuku\nBerbice Creole Dutch: duku\nJersey Dutch: duk\nNegerhollands: doek, doekoe\n→ Akan: duku\n→ Nkonya: duku\n→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku\n→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Lokono: doko\n→ Aukan: duku\n→ English: duck, dook\n→ Fon: dukwí\n→ Indonesian: duk\n→ Japanese: ズック\n→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)\n→ Scots: dook\n→ Sranan Tongo: duku\n→ Caribbean Javanese: duku\n→ Dutch: doekoe\nLimburgish: dook\nOld High German: tuoh\nMiddle High German: tuoch\nAlemannic German: Tuech\nSwabian: Tuach\nCentral Franconian: Duch\nCimbrian: tuach\nGerman: Tuch\n→ Esperanto: tuko\nLuxembourgish: Duch\nPennsylvania German: Duch\nYiddish: טוך (tukh)\nLombardic: *tuoh\n→ Lombard: toh\n→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche\n→? Spanish: toca\n→ Middle French: tocque\nFrench: toque\nEnglish: toque\n→ Old High German: toh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰweg-",
"t": "cloth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ध्वज",
"3": "",
"4": "flag, banner",
"tr": "dhvajá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”), and compared with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”). However, Kroonen rejects this theory, noting the irregular sound shift from *dʰw- > *do required for cognacy, and leaves the origin open.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dōkaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cloth, rag"
],
"id": "en-dōkaz-gem-pro-noun-DpzoJH71",
"links": [
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"rag",
"rag"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "dakkōną"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɔː.kɑz/"
}
],
"word": "dōkaz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dōk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dōk\n>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)\n⇒? Old English: dōcincel\nOld Frisian: dōk\nSaterland Frisian: Douk\nWest Frisian: doek\nOld Saxon: dōk\nMiddle Low German: dôk, dûk\nGerman Low German: Dook\n→ Old Norse: dúkr\nIcelandic: dúkur\nFaroese: dúkur\nNorwegian Bokmål: duk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: duk\nOld Swedish: dūker\nSwedish: duk, dok\nDanish: dug\nOld Dutch: *dōk, *duoc\nMiddle Dutch: doec\nDutch: doek\nAfrikaans: doek\n→ English: doek\n→ Shona: dhuku\nBerbice Creole Dutch: duku\nJersey Dutch: duk\nNegerhollands: doek, doekoe\n→ Akan: duku\n→ Nkonya: duku\n→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku\n→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Lokono: doko\n→ Aukan: duku\n→ English: duck, dook\n→ Fon: dukwí\n→ Indonesian: duk\n→ Japanese: ズック\n→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)\n→ Scots: dook\n→ Sranan Tongo: duku\n→ Caribbean Javanese: duku\n→ Dutch: doekoe\nLimburgish: dook\nOld High German: tuoh\nMiddle High German: tuoch\nAlemannic German: Tuech\nSwabian: Tuach\nCentral Franconian: Duch\nCimbrian: tuach\nGerman: Tuch\n→ Esperanto: tuko\nLuxembourgish: Duch\nPennsylvania German: Duch\nYiddish: טוך (tukh)\nLombardic: *tuoh\n→ Lombard: toh\n→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche\n→? Spanish: toca\n→ Middle French: tocque\nFrench: toque\nEnglish: toque\n→ Old High German: toh",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dōk\n>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)\n⇒? Old English: dōcincel\nOld Frisian: dōk\nSaterland Frisian: Douk\nWest Frisian: doek\nOld Saxon: dōk\nMiddle Low German: dôk, dûk\nGerman Low German: Dook\n→ Old Norse: dúkr\nIcelandic: dúkur\nFaroese: dúkur\nNorwegian Bokmål: duk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: duk\nOld Swedish: dūker\nSwedish: duk, dok\nDanish: dug\nOld Dutch: *dōk, *duoc\nMiddle Dutch: doec\nDutch: doek\nAfrikaans: doek\n→ English: doek\n→ Shona: dhuku\nBerbice Creole Dutch: duku\nJersey Dutch: duk\nNegerhollands: doek, doekoe\n→ Akan: duku\n→ Nkonya: duku\n→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku\n→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Lokono: doko\n→ Aukan: duku\n→ English: duck, dook\n→ Fon: dukwí\n→ Indonesian: duk\n→ Japanese: ズック\n→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)\n→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)\n→ Scots: dook\n→ Sranan Tongo: duku\n→ Caribbean Javanese: duku\n→ Dutch: doekoe\nLimburgish: dook\nOld High German: tuoh\nMiddle High German: tuoch\nAlemannic German: Tuech\nSwabian: Tuach\nCentral Franconian: Duch\nCimbrian: tuach\nGerman: Tuch\n→ Esperanto: tuko\nLuxembourgish: Duch\nPennsylvania German: Duch\nYiddish: טוך (tukh)\nLombardic: *tuoh\n→ Lombard: toh\n→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche\n→? Spanish: toca\n→ Middle French: tocque\nFrench: toque\nEnglish: toque\n→ Old High German: toh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰweg-",
"t": "cloth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ध्वज",
"3": "",
"4": "flag, banner",
"tr": "dhvajá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”), and compared with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”). However, Kroonen rejects this theory, noting the irregular sound shift from *dʰw- > *do required for cognacy, and leaves the origin open.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dōką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dōkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dōkaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "dakkōną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
],
"glosses": [
"cloth, rag"
],
"links": [
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"rag",
"rag"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɔː.kɑz/"
}
],
"word": "dōkaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dōkaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.