See dīkaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dīkaną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dīkiją"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dīkōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dīk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dīk\nOld English: dīċ\nMiddle English: dich\nEnglish: ditch (“trench, bank”)\n>? Old English: dīc\nMiddle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)\nScots: dike, dyke\nEnglish: dike (“levee”)\nOld Frisian: dīk\nNorth Frisian: dijck\nSaterland Frisian: Diek\nWest Frisian: dyk\nOld Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)\nMiddle Low German: dîk\nGerman Low German: Diek\n→ German: Deich (“dam”)\n→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)\nOld Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)\nMiddle Dutch: dijc\nDutch: dijk\n→ Old French: diic, dike\nMiddle French: digue\nFrench: digue\n→ Irish: díog (“trench”)\nOld High German: tīh (“dam”)\nMiddle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)\nGerman: Teich (“pond”)\nGerman: Deich (“dam”)\nYiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dīk\nOld English: dīċ\nMiddle English: dich\nEnglish: ditch (“trench, bank”)\n>? Old English: dīc\nMiddle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)\nScots: dike, dyke\nEnglish: dike (“levee”)\nOld Frisian: dīk\nNorth Frisian: dijck\nSaterland Frisian: Diek\nWest Frisian: dyk\nOld Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)\nMiddle Low German: dîk\nGerman Low German: Diek\n→ German: Deich (“dam”)\n→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)\nOld Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)\nMiddle Dutch: dijc\nDutch: dijk\n→ Old French: diic, dike\nMiddle French: digue\nFrench: digue\n→ Irish: díog (“trench”)\nOld High German: tīh (“dam”)\nMiddle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)\nGerman: Teich (“pond”)\nGerman: Deich (“dam”)\nYiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰeygʷ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰeygʷ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to stick, stab, dig"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fīgō",
"3": "",
"4": "pierce, pin, fasten, fix"
},
"expansion": "Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "díegti",
"3": "",
"4": "to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:\n* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).\n* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).\nImportantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dīkaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pool, puddle"
],
"id": "en-dīkaz-gem-pro-noun-IwWIkZ8S",
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"earthwork: ditch, dyke, dam"
],
"id": "en-dīkaz-gem-pro-noun-JBaWSynf",
"links": [
[
"earthwork",
"earthwork"
],
[
"ditch",
"ditch"
],
[
"dyke",
"dyke"
],
[
"dam",
"dam"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdiː.kɑz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dīkô"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "dīkaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeygʷ-",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dīkaną"
},
{
"word": "dīkiją"
},
{
"word": "dīkōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dīk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dīk\nOld English: dīċ\nMiddle English: dich\nEnglish: ditch (“trench, bank”)\n>? Old English: dīc\nMiddle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)\nScots: dike, dyke\nEnglish: dike (“levee”)\nOld Frisian: dīk\nNorth Frisian: dijck\nSaterland Frisian: Diek\nWest Frisian: dyk\nOld Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)\nMiddle Low German: dîk\nGerman Low German: Diek\n→ German: Deich (“dam”)\n→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)\nOld Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)\nMiddle Dutch: dijc\nDutch: dijk\n→ Old French: diic, dike\nMiddle French: digue\nFrench: digue\n→ Irish: díog (“trench”)\nOld High German: tīh (“dam”)\nMiddle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)\nGerman: Teich (“pond”)\nGerman: Deich (“dam”)\nYiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dīk\nOld English: dīċ\nMiddle English: dich\nEnglish: ditch (“trench, bank”)\n>? Old English: dīc\nMiddle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)\nScots: dike, dyke\nEnglish: dike (“levee”)\nOld Frisian: dīk\nNorth Frisian: dijck\nSaterland Frisian: Diek\nWest Frisian: dyk\nOld Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)\nMiddle Low German: dîk\nGerman Low German: Diek\n→ German: Deich (“dam”)\n→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)\nOld Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)\nMiddle Dutch: dijc\nDutch: dijk\n→ Old French: diic, dike\nMiddle French: digue\nFrench: digue\n→ Irish: díog (“trench”)\nOld High German: tīh (“dam”)\nMiddle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)\nGerman: Teich (“pond”)\nGerman: Deich (“dam”)\nYiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰeygʷ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰeygʷ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to stick, stab, dig"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fīgō",
"3": "",
"4": "pierce, pin, fasten, fix"
},
"expansion": "Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "díegti",
"3": "",
"4": "to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:\n* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).\n* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).\nImportantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dīką",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dīkamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dīkaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pool, puddle"
],
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"earthwork: ditch, dyke, dam"
],
"links": [
[
"earthwork",
"earthwork"
],
[
"ditch",
"ditch"
],
[
"dyke",
"dyke"
],
[
"dam",
"dam"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdiː.kɑz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dīkô"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "dīkaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dīkaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.