arbaz in Proto-Germanic

IPA: /ˈɑr.βɑz/ [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: PIE word *h₃órbʰos From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-. The inherited meaning "orphan" likely gave way to "worker", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning "servant, slave". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną. Etymology templates: {{PIE word|gem-pro|h₃órbʰos}} PIE word *h₃órbʰos, {{root|gem-pro|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}}, {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, {{cog|gem-pro|*arbaidiz||labor, toil}} Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”) Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-noun}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], arbaz [nominative, singular], arbōz [nominative, plural], arbōs [nominative, plural], arb [singular, vocative], arbōz [plural, vocative], arbōs [plural, vocative], arbą [accusative, singular], arbanz [accusative, plural], arbas [genitive, singular], arbis [genitive, singular], arbǫ̂ [genitive, plural], arbai [dative, singular], arbamaz [dative, plural], arbō [instrumental, singular], arbamiz [instrumental, plural]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "arfr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: arfr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: arfr"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "h₃órbʰos"
      },
      "expansion": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos",
      "name": "PIE word"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*arbaidiz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "labor, toil"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos\nFrom Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.\nThe inherited meaning \"orphan\" likely gave way to \"worker\", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning \"servant, slave\". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arb",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "working-animal, ox; worker"
      ],
      "id": "en-arbaz-gem-pro-noun-X9vwEY2d",
      "links": [
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "arbaz"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "arfr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: arfr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: arfr"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "h₃órbʰos"
      },
      "expansion": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos",
      "name": "PIE word"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*arbaidiz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "labor, toil"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₃órbʰos\nFrom Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.\nThe inherited meaning \"orphan\" likely gave way to \"worker\", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning \"servant, slave\". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arb",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₃órbʰos",
        "gem-pro:Agriculture",
        "gem-pro:Cattle"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "working-animal, ox; worker"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "arbaz"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

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"arbaz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

Noun