arbaz in Proto-Germanic

IPA: /ˈɑr.βɑz/ [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-. The inherited meaning "orphan" likely gave way to "worker", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning "servant, slave". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną. Etymology templates: {{root|gem-pro|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}}, {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}} Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, {{cog|gem-pro|*arbaidiz||labor, toil}} Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”) Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-noun}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], arbaz [nominative, singular], arbōz [nominative, plural], arbōs [nominative, plural], arb [singular, vocative], arbōz [plural, vocative], arbōs [plural, vocative], arbą [accusative, singular], arbanz [accusative, plural], arbas [genitive, singular], arbis [genitive, singular], arbǫ̂ [genitive, plural], arbai [dative, singular], arbamaz [dative, plural], arbō [instrumental, singular], arbamiz [instrumental, plural]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "arfr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: arfr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: arfr"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*arbaidiz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "labor, toil"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.\nThe inherited meaning \"orphan\" likely gave way to \"worker\", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning \"servant, slave\". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arb",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "working-animal, ox; worker"
      ],
      "id": "en-arbaz-gem-pro-noun-X9vwEY2d",
      "links": [
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "arbaz"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "arfr"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: arfr",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: arfr"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₃erbʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*arbaidiz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "labor, toil"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.\nThe inherited meaning \"orphan\" likely gave way to \"worker\", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning \"servant, slave\". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arb",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "arbamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with topic categories using raw markup",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-",
        "Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Proto-Germanic terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "gem-pro:Agriculture",
        "gem-pro:Cattle"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "working-animal, ox; worker"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ox",
          "ox"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɑr.βɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "arbaz"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"arbaz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

Noun