See -ungō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ungu",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ung, -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ung, -ing"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing",
"4": "-yng"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "English: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-unge",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -unge, -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -unge, -inge"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-enge"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -enge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -enge"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-unga",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -unga, -inga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -unga, -inga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-inge",
"3": "-unge",
"4": "-onge"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Low German: -ung, -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: -ung, -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-inga",
"3": "-unga",
"4": "-onga"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -inge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-unga",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -unga, -inga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -unga, -inga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-unge",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -unge, -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -unge, -inge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "-ig"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: -ig",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: -ig (< -ing)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ong",
"4": "-ing",
"5": "-eng"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: -ung",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "still <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lb\">-eng</i> in <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lb\">Wunneng</i>"
},
"expansion": "(still -eng in Wunneng)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: -ung (still -eng in Wunneng)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-ecg",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "East Central German: -ung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "East Central German: -ung"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "German: -ung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ung"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "־ונג"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-unek",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: -unek",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: -unek"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-enge",
"3": "-enghe",
"4": "-ange",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-ange"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -ange"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ange"
},
"expansion": "French: -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ange"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -ing, -ung\nIcelandic: -ing, -ung\nFaroese: -ing\nNorwegian Nynorsk: -ing\nNorwegian Bokmål: -ing\nOld Swedish: -ing, -ung\nSwedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)\nDanish: -ing",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -ing, -ung\nIcelandic: -ing, -ung\nFaroese: -ing\nNorwegian Nynorsk: -ing\nNorwegian Bokmål: -ing\nOld Swedish: -ing, -ung\nSwedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)\nDanish: -ing"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōną",
"3": "*-gō"
},
"expansion": "*-ōną + *-gō",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "forms the gerund"
},
"expansion": "(forms the gerund)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-n̥kʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown, but possibly from an earlier *-ōngō, equivalent to *-ōną + *-gō. No certain cognates outside of Germanic and not found in Gothic, which has instead similar verbal nouns without -g-.\nPerhaps cognate with Latin suffixes -undus (forms the gerund) or from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos as in ἀλλοδαπός (allodapós), ποδαπός (podapós), and possibly propinquus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ungō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-gō",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōną",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing, -ion. Forms gerund nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ungō-gem-pro-suffix-opAOfmgk",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
],
[
"-ion",
"-ion"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ingaz"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ingō"
},
{
"word": "-engō"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/uŋ.ɡɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ungō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*-ungu",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ung, -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ung, -ing"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing",
"4": "-yng"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "English: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-unge",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -unge, -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -unge, -inge"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-enge"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -enge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -enge"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-unga",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -unga, -inga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -unga, -inga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-inge",
"3": "-unge",
"4": "-onge"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Low German: -ung, -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: -ung, -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-inga",
"3": "-unga",
"4": "-onga"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -inge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ing",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ing"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-unga",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -unga, -inga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -unga, -inga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-unge",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -unge, -inge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -unge, -inge"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "-ig"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: -ig",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: -ig (< -ing)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "-ung",
"3": "-ong",
"4": "-ing",
"5": "-eng"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: -ung",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "still <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lb\">-eng</i> in <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lb\">Wunneng</i>"
},
"expansion": "(still -eng in Wunneng)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: -ung (still -eng in Wunneng)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-ecg",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "East Central German: -ung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "East Central German: -ung"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ung"
},
"expansion": "German: -ung",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ung"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "־ונג"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-unek",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: -unek",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: -unek"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-enge",
"3": "-enghe",
"4": "-ange",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-ange"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -ange"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ange"
},
"expansion": "French: -ange",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ange"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -ing, -ung\nIcelandic: -ing, -ung\nFaroese: -ing\nNorwegian Nynorsk: -ing\nNorwegian Bokmål: -ing\nOld Swedish: -ing, -ung\nSwedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)\nDanish: -ing",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -ing, -ung\nIcelandic: -ing, -ung\nFaroese: -ing\nNorwegian Nynorsk: -ing\nNorwegian Bokmål: -ing\nOld Swedish: -ing, -ung\nSwedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)\nDanish: -ing"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōną",
"3": "*-gō"
},
"expansion": "*-ōną + *-gō",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "forms the gerund"
},
"expansion": "(forms the gerund)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-n̥kʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown, but possibly from an earlier *-ōngō, equivalent to *-ōną + *-gō. No certain cognates outside of Germanic and not found in Gothic, which has instead similar verbal nouns without -g-.\nPerhaps cognate with Latin suffixes -undus (forms the gerund) or from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos as in ἀλλοδαπός (allodapós), ποδαπός (podapós), and possibly propinquus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ungōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ungō",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ingaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-gō",
"Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōną",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"-ing, -ion. Forms gerund nouns from verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing"
],
[
"-ion",
"-ion"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/uŋ.ɡɔː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ingō"
},
{
"word": "-engō"
}
],
"word": "-ungō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ungō meaning in Proto-Germanic (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.