"þrukkijaną" meaning in Proto-Germanic

See þrukkijaną in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”); cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”). Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely. Etymology templates: {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*trewk-|t=to press on and break}} Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”), {{cog|cy|trychu|t=to cut}} Welsh trychu (“to cut”), {{cog|lt|trū́kti|t=to tear into pieces, burst}} Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*terh₁-||to rub, bore, twist}} Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”) Inflection templates: {{gem-conj-wk1|þrukk|j=ij}} Forms: weak [table-tags], þrukkijō [active, first-person, indicative, singular], þrukkijaų [active, first-person, singular, subjunctive], - [active, first-person, imperative, singular], þrukkijai [first-person, indicative, passive, singular], - [first-person, passive, singular, subjunctive], þrukkīsi [active, indicative, second-person, singular], þrukkijais [active, second-person, singular, subjunctive], þrukkī [active, imperative, second-person, singular], þrukkijasai [indicative, passive, second-person, singular], þrukkijaisau [passive, second-person, singular, subjunctive], þrukkīþi [active, indicative, singular, third-person], þrukkijai [active, singular, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkijaþau [active, imperative, singular, third-person], þrukkijaþai [indicative, passive, singular, third-person], þrukkijaiþau [passive, singular, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkijōs [active, dual, first-person, indicative], þrukkijaiw [active, dual, first-person, subjunctive], - [active, dual, first-person, imperative], - [dual, first-person, indicative, passive], - [dual, first-person, passive, subjunctive], þrukkijaþiz [active, dual, indicative, second-person], þrukkijaiþiz [active, dual, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkijaþiz [active, dual, imperative, second-person], - [dual, indicative, passive, second-person], - [dual, passive, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkijamaz [active, first-person, indicative, plural], þrukkijaim [active, first-person, plural, subjunctive], - [active, first-person, imperative, plural], þrukkijanþai [first-person, indicative, passive, plural], þrukkijainþau [first-person, passive, plural, subjunctive], þrukkīþ [active, indicative, plural, second-person], þrukkijaiþ [active, plural, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkīþ [active, imperative, plural, second-person], þrukkijanþai [indicative, passive, plural, second-person], þrukkijainþau [passive, plural, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkijanþi [active, indicative, plural, third-person], þrukkijain [active, plural, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkijanþau [active, imperative, plural, third-person], þrukkijanþai [indicative, passive, plural, third-person], þrukkijainþau [passive, plural, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkidǭ [active, first-person, indicative, singular], þrukkidēdį̄ [active, first-person, singular, subjunctive], þrukkidēz [active, indicative, second-person, singular], þrukkidēdīz [active, second-person, singular, subjunctive], þrukkidē [active, indicative, singular, third-person], þrukkidēdī [active, singular, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkidēdū [active, dual, first-person, indicative], þrukkidēdīw [active, dual, first-person, subjunctive], þrukkidēdudiz [active, dual, indicative, second-person], þrukkidēdīdiz [active, dual, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkidēdum [active, first-person, indicative, plural], þrukkidēdīm [active, first-person, plural, subjunctive], þrukkidēdud [active, indicative, plural, second-person], þrukkidēdīd [active, plural, second-person, subjunctive], þrukkidēdun [active, indicative, plural, third-person], þrukkidēdīn [active, plural, subjunctive, third-person], þrukkijandz [active, participle, present], þrukkidaz [active, participle, past, subjunctive]
  1. to press on Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-þrukkijaną-gem-pro-verb-BT2yzU4p Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 97 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 97 3 Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 98 2
  2. to crowd Tags: reconstruction
    Sense id: en-þrukkijaną-gem-pro-verb-M38X1i5N
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*þrukkijan"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan\nOld English: þryċċan\nMiddle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen\nEnglish: thrutch (dialectal), druck\nMiddle English: *threkken, threken\nEnglish: thrack\nScots: thratch, thrack\nOld Frisian: thretza, thrikka\nWest Frisian: druwckjen, drukke\nOld Saxon: thrukkian\nMiddle Low German: drücken\nGerman Low German: drücken\n→ West Frisian: drukke\nOld Dutch: *thrucken\nMiddle Dutch: drucken\nDutch: drukken\nAfrikaans: druk\n→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig\n→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk\nLimburgish: drókke, drökke\nOld High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan\nMiddle High German: drücken, drucken\nBavarian: druckn\nCimbrian: drukhan\nGerman: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)\n→ Ladin: druché\n→ Low German: drucken\n→ Polish: drukować\n→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)\n→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)\n→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)\nLuxembourgish: drécken\nYiddish: דריקן (drikn)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan\nOld English: þryċċan\nMiddle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen\nEnglish: thrutch (dialectal), druck\nMiddle English: *threkken, threken\nEnglish: thrack\nScots: thratch, thrack\nOld Frisian: thretza, thrikka\nWest Frisian: druwckjen, drukke\nOld Saxon: thrukkian\nMiddle Low German: drücken\nGerman Low German: drücken\n→ West Frisian: drukke\nOld Dutch: *thrucken\nMiddle Dutch: drucken\nDutch: drukken\nAfrikaans: druk\n→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig\n→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk\nLimburgish: drókke, drökke\nOld High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan\nMiddle High German: drücken, drucken\nBavarian: druckn\nCimbrian: drukhan\nGerman: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)\n→ Ladin: druché\n→ Low German: drucken\n→ Polish: drukować\n→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)\n→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)\n→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)\nLuxembourgish: drécken\nYiddish: דריקן (drikn)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "þrykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: þrykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: þrykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "þrykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: þrykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: þrykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "trykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: trykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Faroese: trykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "trykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmq-osw",
            "2": "þrykkia"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Swedish: þrykkia\nSwedish: trycka",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Swedish: þrykkia\nSwedish: trycka"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "trykke"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: trykke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: trykke"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "trykke"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: trykke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: trykke"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "trykka",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: trykka",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: trykka"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*trewk-",
        "t": "to press on and break"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "trychu",
        "t": "to cut"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh trychu (“to cut”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "trū́kti",
        "t": "to tear into pieces, burst"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*terh₁-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to rub, bore, twist"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”); cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”).\nHas been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-conj-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijasai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaisau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaim",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdį̄",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdū",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdudiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīdiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijandz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "þrukk",
        "j": "ij"
      },
      "name": "gem-conj-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrukkijaną",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "97 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "97 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "98 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to press on"
      ],
      "id": "en-þrukkijaną-gem-pro-verb-BT2yzU4p",
      "links": [
        [
          "press on",
          "press on"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to crowd"
      ],
      "id": "en-þrukkijaną-gem-pro-verb-M38X1i5N",
      "links": [
        [
          "crowd",
          "crowd"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "þrukkijaną"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic class 1 weak verbs",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic verbs"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*þrukkijan"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan\nOld English: þryċċan\nMiddle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen\nEnglish: thrutch (dialectal), druck\nMiddle English: *threkken, threken\nEnglish: thrack\nScots: thratch, thrack\nOld Frisian: thretza, thrikka\nWest Frisian: druwckjen, drukke\nOld Saxon: thrukkian\nMiddle Low German: drücken\nGerman Low German: drücken\n→ West Frisian: drukke\nOld Dutch: *thrucken\nMiddle Dutch: drucken\nDutch: drukken\nAfrikaans: druk\n→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig\n→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk\nLimburgish: drókke, drökke\nOld High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan\nMiddle High German: drücken, drucken\nBavarian: druckn\nCimbrian: drukhan\nGerman: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)\n→ Ladin: druché\n→ Low German: drucken\n→ Polish: drukować\n→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)\n→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)\n→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)\nLuxembourgish: drécken\nYiddish: דריקן (drikn)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan\nOld English: þryċċan\nMiddle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen\nEnglish: thrutch (dialectal), druck\nMiddle English: *threkken, threken\nEnglish: thrack\nScots: thratch, thrack\nOld Frisian: thretza, thrikka\nWest Frisian: druwckjen, drukke\nOld Saxon: thrukkian\nMiddle Low German: drücken\nGerman Low German: drücken\n→ West Frisian: drukke\nOld Dutch: *thrucken\nMiddle Dutch: drucken\nDutch: drukken\nAfrikaans: druk\n→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig\n→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk\nLimburgish: drókke, drökke\nOld High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan\nMiddle High German: drücken, drucken\nBavarian: druckn\nCimbrian: drukhan\nGerman: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)\n→ Ladin: druché\n→ Low German: drucken\n→ Polish: drukować\n→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)\n→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)\n→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)\nLuxembourgish: drécken\nYiddish: דריקן (drikn)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "þrykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: þrykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: þrykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "þrykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: þrykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: þrykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "trykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: trykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Faroese: trykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "trykkja"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmq-osw",
            "2": "þrykkia"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Swedish: þrykkia\nSwedish: trycka",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Swedish: þrykkia\nSwedish: trycka"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "trykke"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: trykke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: trykke"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "trykke"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: trykke",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: trykke"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "trykka",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: trykka",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: trykka"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*trewk-",
        "t": "to press on and break"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "trychu",
        "t": "to cut"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh trychu (“to cut”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "trū́kti",
        "t": "to tear into pieces, burst"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*terh₁-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to rub, bore, twist"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”); cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”).\nHas been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-conj-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijasai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaisau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaþiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "passive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaim",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijaiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkīþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijanþai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijainþau",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "passive",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdį̄",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdū",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "indicative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdudiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "indicative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīdiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "dual",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidēdīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkijandz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "þrukkidaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "þrukk",
        "j": "ij"
      },
      "name": "gem-conj-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrukkijaną",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to press on"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "press on",
          "press on"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to crowd"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crowd",
          "crowd"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "þrukkijaną"
}

Download raw JSONL data for þrukkijaną meaning in Proto-Germanic (11.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.