See -us in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-us"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "denominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-wikse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-wikse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-u",
"3": "*-s",
"id2": "nominal, -kse-"
},
"expansion": "*-u + *-s",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *-s. The *-u- may be generalized from derivatives or by confusion with *-uc, or both. The term may also derive more directly from Proto-Uralic *-wikse. Perhaps also more directly from *-u + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-us / *-üs",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-us / *-üs"
},
"expansion": "*-us / *-üs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-us",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-s (nominal, -kse-)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms some nouns from nominal stems."
],
"id": "en--us-urj-fin-pro-suffix-0GG3nE95",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oxford University Press"
],
"word": "-us"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-us"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "deverbal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-u",
"3": "*-s",
"id2": "nominal, -kse-"
},
"expansion": "*-u + *-s",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *-u + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-us / *-üs",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-us / *-üs"
},
"expansion": "*-us / *-üs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-us",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms action/result nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--us-urj-fin-pro-suffix-tQwdww-F",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-us"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-s (nominal, -kse-)"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-us"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "denominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-wikse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-wikse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-u",
"3": "*-s",
"id2": "nominal, -kse-"
},
"expansion": "*-u + *-s",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *-s. The *-u- may be generalized from derivatives or by confusion with *-uc, or both. The term may also derive more directly from Proto-Uralic *-wikse. Perhaps also more directly from *-u + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-us / *-üs",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-us / *-üs"
},
"expansion": "*-us / *-üs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-us",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms some nouns from nominal stems."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oxford University Press"
],
"word": "-us"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-s (nominal, -kse-)"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-us"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-uš"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "deverbal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-u",
"3": "*-s",
"id2": "nominal, -kse-"
},
"expansion": "*-u + *-s",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *-u + *-s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-us / *-üs",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-us / *-üs"
},
"expansion": "*-us / *-üs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-us",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms action/result nouns from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-us"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -us meaning in Proto-Finnic (3.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.