See -ma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-minën"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-mõ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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{
"args": {
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"2": "action"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
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},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 13 4 6 16 11 12 15 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms action/result nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-tQwdww-F",
"tags": [
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"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Mostly meaningless suffix added to some nominal stems."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-fzD97sKV",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-mat'oin"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
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"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms the gerund of verbs, generally only in certain case forms."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-qpMcpvEY",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 9 3 33 5 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 13 4 33 8 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the agent participle, which indicates that an action was done by something (in the genitive)."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-rv5na6Jh",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "place"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly an extension of the sense in Etymology 1, with the sense development \"action\" > \"event\" > \"location of event\" > \"location\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms names for places or locations."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-hvBCLQWk",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-me"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"vowel influenced by me"
],
"word": "-mme"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"Ostrobothnia",
"Lapland",
"Karelia"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"South Ostrobothnia",
"past; < *-i-ma"
],
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"tags": [
"present"
],
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"raw_tags": [
"past; < *-i-ma"
],
"word": "-(i)ma"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-mma"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "-mõ"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Livvi",
"lang_code": "olo",
"word": "-mmo"
},
{
"lang": "Ludian",
"lang_code": "lud",
"word": "-mme"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-mma/-mmõ"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-m"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "verb ending"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-mat",
"4": "*-ma(t)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma(t)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma(t).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The first-person plural personal ending for verbs."
],
"id": "en--ma-urj-fin-pro-suffix-dkowyQL2",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-minën"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-mõ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "action"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms action/result nouns from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Mostly meaningless suffix added to some nominal stems."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
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"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-mat'oin"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "participle"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-ma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms the gerund of verbs, generally only in certain case forms."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms the agent participle, which indicates that an action was done by something (in the genitive)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "-ma"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
"args": {
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"2": "place"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly an extension of the sense in Etymology 1, with the sense development \"action\" > \"event\" > \"location of event\" > \"location\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms names for places or locations."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "-me"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"vowel influenced by me"
],
"word": "-mme"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"Ostrobothnia",
"Lapland",
"Karelia"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"South Ostrobothnia",
"past; < *-i-ma"
],
"word": "-ma"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"tags": [
"present"
],
"word": "-mma"
},
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"raw_tags": [
"past; < *-i-ma"
],
"word": "-(i)ma"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "-mma"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "-mõ"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Livvi",
"lang_code": "olo",
"word": "-mmo"
},
{
"lang": "Ludian",
"lang_code": "lud",
"word": "-mme"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "-m"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "-mma/-mmõ"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "-m"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "verb ending"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-mat",
"4": "*-ma(t)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-ma(t)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Uralic *-ma(t).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ma / *-mä",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"head": "*-ma / *-mä"
},
"expansion": "*-ma / *-mä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ma",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The first-person plural personal ending for verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ma"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ma meaning in Proto-Finnic (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.