See to- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "to-"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: to-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: to-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "do-",
"3": "de-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: do-, de-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: do-, de-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "de-"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: de-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: de-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "di-"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: di-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: di-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dy-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: dy-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: dy-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dy-"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: dy-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: dy-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "to-",
"3": "do-",
"4": "do-"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: to-, do-, do-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: to-, do-, do-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "do-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: do-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: do-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*tó",
"t": "to, towards"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒋫",
"pos": "connective particle",
"t": "then",
"tr": "ta-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Dunkel gives two suggestions, either Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”), but there are no clear cognates, or PIE *tó (“then”), compare Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle). Matasović's tentative derivation from PIE *tó- (pronoun) is plausible neither semantically nor morphologically, because the stem *tó- was otherwise completely replaced by *só- in Celtic.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*to-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/to-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to, towards"
],
"id": "en-to--cel-pro-prefix-8Z5Bjywf",
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Peter Schrijver"
]
}
],
"word": "to-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Brythonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "to-"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: to-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: to-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "do-",
"3": "de-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: do-, de-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: do-, de-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "de-"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: de-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: de-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "di-"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: di-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: di-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "dy-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: dy-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: dy-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dy-"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: dy-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: dy-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "to-",
"3": "do-",
"4": "do-"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: to-, do-, do-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: to-, do-, do-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "do-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: do-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: do-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*tó",
"t": "to, towards"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒋫",
"pos": "connective particle",
"t": "then",
"tr": "ta-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Dunkel gives two suggestions, either Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”), but there are no clear cognates, or PIE *tó (“then”), compare Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle). Matasović's tentative derivation from PIE *tó- (pronoun) is plausible neither semantically nor morphologically, because the stem *tó- was otherwise completely replaced by *só- in Celtic.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*to-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/to-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic prefixes",
"Proto-Celtic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"glosses": [
"to, towards"
],
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"towards",
"towards"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Peter Schrijver"
]
}
],
"word": "to-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for to- meaning in Proto-Celtic (2.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.