See malati in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*malɨd"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "mala"
},
"expansion": "Breton: mala",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: mala"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "melias"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: melias",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: melias"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "meilid"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: meilid\nIrish: meil\nScottish Gaelic: meil\nManx: beihll",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: meilid\nIrish: meil\nScottish Gaelic: meil\nManx: beihll"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*melh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*melh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”). Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an a root vowel and Goidelic with an e.\n* Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.\n* Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem mel- as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the e-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was *gʷeleti (“to graze”), which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the e-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.\n* Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.\n* Darling integrates both the *mal- and *mel- stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present *melh₂-e-ti. Whenever the thematic vowel was *e (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into *a, which would then feed Joseph's Law (*eRa > *aRa, where *R is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into *a; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the a across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel *-o- would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as *e; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the e across the present stem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "melū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malamam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "milam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malasi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malatās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mils",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malati",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malato",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "malamo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "milme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "malatesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malastē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malanto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milant",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melaseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malatou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "melomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "malate",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melontou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malatar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malator",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "maladwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milanto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melasedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "melonts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melonts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melontans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "melantom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlāte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "verb",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*malati",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mel<h2e>",
"2": "mimlā",
"3": "mil<t>",
"4": "mlāt",
"5": "melas"
},
"name": "cel-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/malati",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to grind, to crush"
],
"id": "en-malati-cel-pro-verb-g1ouG6aW",
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "molos"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "malati"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*malɨd"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "mala"
},
"expansion": "Breton: mala",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: mala"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "melias"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: melias",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: melias"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "malu"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: malu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: malu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "meilid"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: meilid\nIrish: meil\nScottish Gaelic: meil\nManx: beihll",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: meilid\nIrish: meil\nScottish Gaelic: meil\nManx: beihll"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*melh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*melh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to grind"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”). Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an a root vowel and Goidelic with an e.\n* Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.\n* Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem mel- as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the e-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was *gʷeleti (“to graze”), which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the e-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.\n* Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.\n* Darling integrates both the *mal- and *mel- stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present *melh₂-e-ti. Whenever the thematic vowel was *e (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into *a, which would then feed Joseph's Law (*eRa > *aRa, where *R is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into *a; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the a across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel *-o- would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as *e; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the e across the present stem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "melū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malamam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "milam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malasi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malatās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mils",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malati",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malato",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "malamo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"future",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "milme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "malatesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malastē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malanto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"future",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milant",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "mala",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melaseti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "malatou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasomosi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "melomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "malate",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melontou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malatar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "malator",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "maladwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mimlāsontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"future",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "milanto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasūr",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melasetor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasommor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melasedwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "melasontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "melonts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melonts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melontam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melonte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melontans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "melantom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī?",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "melantbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melantīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantiyans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "melantyābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melont",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "melonta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-conj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlāte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "mlātā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "verb",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*malati",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mel<h2e>",
"2": "mimlā",
"3": "mil<t>",
"4": "mlāt",
"5": "melas"
},
"name": "cel-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/malati",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "molos"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂-",
"Proto-Celtic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to grind, to crush"
],
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "malati"
}
Download raw JSONL data for malati meaning in Proto-Celtic (19.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.