See kulɸom in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*kul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kul"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "col"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: col",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: col"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cwl",
"3": "kwl",
"4": "cul"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cŵl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: cŵl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: cŵl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "col"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: col\nIrish: col\nScottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: col\nIrish: col\nScottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culpa",
"t": "blame, guilt, crime"
},
"expansion": "Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "scelus",
"t": "crime, criminal"
},
"expansion": "Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear; it has been compared with Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”), and *ɸ may be reconstructed if the comparison is valid. It has also alternatively been compared to Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”), but the -u- is harder to explain that way.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸūis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*kulɸom n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kulɸ"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kulɸom",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sin"
],
"id": "en-kulɸom-cel-pro-noun-zMxox5KO",
"links": [
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"violation"
],
"id": "en-kulɸom-cel-pro-noun--QSmswoB",
"links": [
[
"violation",
"violation"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "kulɸom"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic o-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*kul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kul"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "col"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: col",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: col"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cwl",
"3": "kwl",
"4": "cul"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cŵl"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: cŵl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: cŵl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "col"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: col\nIrish: col\nScottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: col\nIrish: col\nScottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culpa",
"t": "blame, guilt, crime"
},
"expansion": "Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "scelus",
"t": "crime, criminal"
},
"expansion": "Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear; it has been compared with Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”), and *ɸ may be reconstructed if the comparison is valid. It has also alternatively been compared to Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”), but the -u- is harder to explain that way.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "kulɸūis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*kulɸom n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kulɸ"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kulɸom",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"sin"
],
"links": [
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"violation"
],
"links": [
[
"violation",
"violation"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "kulɸom"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kulɸom meaning in Proto-Celtic (4.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.