"kaɸerūxs" meaning in Proto-Celtic

See kaɸerūxs in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Etymology: Possibly from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) (compare *gabros (“goat”)), and thus cognate with Latin caper and Old Norse hafr; but the -ɸr- is difficult to explain as it normally should have become -br- in Proto-Celtic. Stifter proposes a stem-ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), *kápero-, which then compounded with a zero-grade form of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) to form a root noun kaperoh₃kʷs. -oh₃- would regularly yield -ū- in a final syllable and -ā- elsewhere. The Brittonic forms would thus show a back-formation from the nominative singular, as a stem-final labial stop was not yielded. Etymology templates: {{der|cel-pro|ine-pro|*kápros|t=goat}} Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), {{cog|la|caper}} Latin caper, {{cog|non|hafr}} Old Norse hafr, {{der|cel-pro|ine-pro|*kápros|t=goat}} Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) Head templates: {{head|cel-pro|noun|cat2=|g=f|g2=|g3=|head=}} *kaɸerūxs f Inflection templates: {{cel-decl-noun-cons-mf|kaɸerāk|kaɸerūxs}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], kaɸerūxs [nominative, singular], kaɸerāke [dual, nominative], kaɸerākes [nominative, plural], kaɸerūxs [singular, vocative], kaɸerāke [dual, vocative], kaɸerākes [plural, vocative], kaɸerākam [accusative, singular], kaɸerāke [accusative, dual], kaɸerākams [accusative, plural], kaɸerākos [genitive, singular], kaɸerākou [dual, genitive], kaɸerākom [genitive, plural], kaɸerākei [dative, singular], kaɸerākobom [dative, dual], kaɸerākobos [dative, plural], kaɸerāki [locative, singular], - [dual, locative], - [locative, plural], kaɸerāke? [instrumental, singular], kaɸerākobim [dual, instrumental], kaɸerākobis [instrumental, plural]
  1. sheep Tags: feminine, reconstruction Synonyms: *dametos, *owis
    Sense id: en-kaɸerūxs-cel-pro-noun-XFmWFqxQ Categories (other): Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header

Download JSON data for kaɸerūxs meaning in Proto-Celtic (4.5kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "cauru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: cauru\nMiddle Irish: cáera\nIrish: caora\nManx: keyrrey\nScottish Gaelic: caora",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: cauru\nMiddle Irish: cáera\nIrish: caora\nManx: keyrrey\nScottish Gaelic: caora"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wlm",
            "2": "kaeriwrch",
            "3": "",
            "der": "1",
            "t": "roebuck"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "caeriwrch",
            "t": "roebuck"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kápros",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "caper"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin caper",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hafr"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hafr",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kápros",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) (compare *gabros (“goat”)), and thus cognate with Latin caper and Old Norse hafr; but the -ɸr- is difficult to explain as it normally should have become -br- in Proto-Celtic.\nStifter proposes a stem-ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), *kápero-, which then compounded with a zero-grade form of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) to form a root noun kaperoh₃kʷs. -oh₃- would regularly yield -ū- in a final syllable and -ā- elsewhere. The Brittonic forms would thus show a back-formation from the nominative singular, as a stem-final labial stop was not yielded.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerūxs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerūxs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākam",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākams",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākou",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākei",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāki",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke?",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobim",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*kaɸerūxs f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kaɸerāk",
        "2": "kaɸerūxs"
      },
      "name": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kaɸerūxs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sheep"
      ],
      "id": "en-kaɸerūxs-cel-pro-noun-XFmWFqxQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "sheep",
          "sheep"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*dametos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*owis"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kaɸerūxs"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "cauru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: cauru\nMiddle Irish: cáera\nIrish: caora\nManx: keyrrey\nScottish Gaelic: caora",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: cauru\nMiddle Irish: cáera\nIrish: caora\nManx: keyrrey\nScottish Gaelic: caora"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wlm",
            "2": "kaeriwrch",
            "3": "",
            "der": "1",
            "t": "roebuck"
          },
          "expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "caeriwrch",
            "t": "roebuck"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kápros",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "caper"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin caper",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hafr"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hafr",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kápros",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Possibly from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) (compare *gabros (“goat”)), and thus cognate with Latin caper and Old Norse hafr; but the -ɸr- is difficult to explain as it normally should have become -br- in Proto-Celtic.\nStifter proposes a stem-ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), *kápero-, which then compounded with a zero-grade form of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) to form a root noun kaperoh₃kʷs. -oh₃- would regularly yield -ū- in a final syllable and -ā- elsewhere. The Brittonic forms would thus show a back-formation from the nominative singular, as a stem-final labial stop was not yielded.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerūxs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerūxs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākam",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākams",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākou",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākei",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobos",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāki",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerāke?",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobim",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kaɸerākobis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*kaɸerūxs f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kaɸerāk",
        "2": "kaɸerūxs"
      },
      "name": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kaɸerūxs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Celtic consonant stem nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Celtic feminine nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic lemmas",
        "Proto-Celtic nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "cel-pro:Sheep"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "sheep"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sheep",
          "sheep"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "*dametos"
        },
        {
          "word": "*owis"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kaɸerūxs"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.