gʷenom in Proto-Celtic

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Etymology: Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages. Etymology templates: {{unc|cel-pro}} Uncertain, {{der|cel-pro|ine-pro|*wenh₁-|t=to strive, wish, love}} Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), {{der|cel-pro|qfa-sub}} substrate Head templates: {{head|cel-pro|noun|cat2=|g=n|g2=|g3=|head=}} *gʷenom n Inflection templates: {{cel-decl-noun-o-n|gʷen}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], gʷenom [nominative, singular], gʷenou [dual, nominative], gʷenā [nominative, plural], gʷenom [singular, vocative], gʷenou [dual, vocative], gʷenā [plural, vocative], gʷenom [accusative, singular], gʷenou [accusative, dual], gʷenā [accusative, plural], gʷenī [genitive, singular], gʷenous [dual, genitive], gʷenom [genitive, plural], gʷenūi [dative, singular], gʷenobom [dative, dual], gʷenobos [dative, plural], gʷenei [locative, singular], - [dual, locative], - [locative, plural], gʷenū [instrumental, singular], gʷenobim [dual, instrumental], gʷenūis [instrumental, plural]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*gwen",
            "notext": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "*gwen\nCornish: gwen\nWelsh: gwên",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Brythonic: *gwen\nCornish: gwen\nWelsh: gwên"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "gen"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: gen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: gen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wenh₁-",
        "t": "to strive, wish, love"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenous",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenūi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenei",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenū",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobim",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenūis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "n",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*gʷenom n",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gʷen"
      },
      "name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gʷenom",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "smile"
      ],
      "id": "en-gʷenom-cel-pro-noun--h6txMaZ",
      "links": [
        [
          "smile",
          "smile"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "gʷenom"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*gwen",
            "notext": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "*gwen\nCornish: gwen\nWelsh: gwên",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Brythonic: *gwen\nCornish: gwen\nWelsh: gwên"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "gen"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: gen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: gen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wenh₁-",
        "t": "to strive, wish, love"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenous",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenūi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenei",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenū",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenobim",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gʷenūis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "n",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*gʷenom n",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gʷen"
      },
      "name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gʷenom",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Celtic lemmas",
        "Proto-Celtic neuter nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Celtic terms derived from substrate languages",
        "Proto-Celtic terms with unknown etymologies"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "smile"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "smile",
          "smile"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "gʷenom"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"gʷenom" meaning in Proto-Celtic

Noun