See dindu in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*dɨnn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "murddin",
"der": "1",
"t": "fortification"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "murddun",
"3": "murddyn",
"t2": "ruins"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "trefdyn",
"der": "1",
"t": "homestead"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tyddyn",
"3": "tytyn",
"4": "tedyn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "tyddyn"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: tyddyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: tyddyn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwėlɨɣðɨnn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "gouelezenn",
"t": "lees, dregs"
},
"expansion": "Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "gwelyddyn",
"t": "grave; lees, dregs, sediment"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "dind"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: dind",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: dind"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "dind",
"3": "dinn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: dind, dinn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: dind, dinn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tindaz",
"t": "peak, pinnacle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Δίνδυμον",
"pos": "name of a mountain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Δίνδυμον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Obvious cognates include Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”) and, as a name borrowed from Phrygian, Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain).\nIt is unclear how these cognates are related, however.\n* Due to the irregular shape of a hypothetical common inherited root *deyndʰ-, Lucht believes the word must have been a Wanderwort transmitted into Phrygian, Germanic and Celtic from elsewhere.\n* Kroonen instead derives the Celtic and Germanic words as secondary derivatives of *h₃dónts (“tooth”), or more specifically *h₃dént-u- for Celtic. This etymology poses major phonetic problems in that it is incompatible with Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon), as **Τέντυμον (**Téntumon) would be expected from such a derivation. It also would require a pre-Celtic voicing assimilation of the second dental consonant to *d, because otherwise one would expect **-ddynt to appear in Welsh, not -ddyn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-u-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dindowom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*dindu n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dind"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-u-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dindu",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"id": "en-dindu-cel-pro-noun-93~Lsh3e",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"citadel, stronghold (stereotypically constructed on hills or comparable high ground)"
],
"id": "en-dindu-cel-pro-noun-MHWbGBR2",
"links": [
[
"citadel",
"citadel"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "dindu"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic u-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*dɨnn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "murddin",
"der": "1",
"t": "fortification"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "murddun",
"3": "murddyn",
"t2": "ruins"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "trefdyn",
"der": "1",
"t": "homestead"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tyddyn",
"3": "tytyn",
"4": "tedyn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "tyddyn"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: tyddyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: tyddyn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwėlɨɣðɨnn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "gouelezenn",
"t": "lees, dregs"
},
"expansion": "Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "gwelyddyn",
"t": "grave; lees, dregs, sediment"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "dind"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: dind",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: dind"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "dind",
"3": "dinn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: dind, dinn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: dind, dinn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*tindaz",
"t": "peak, pinnacle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Δίνδυμον",
"pos": "name of a mountain"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Δίνδυμον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Obvious cognates include Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”) and, as a name borrowed from Phrygian, Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain).\nIt is unclear how these cognates are related, however.\n* Due to the irregular shape of a hypothetical common inherited root *deyndʰ-, Lucht believes the word must have been a Wanderwort transmitted into Phrygian, Germanic and Celtic from elsewhere.\n* Kroonen instead derives the Celtic and Germanic words as secondary derivatives of *h₃dónts (“tooth”), or more specifically *h₃dént-u- for Celtic. This etymology poses major phonetic problems in that it is incompatible with Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon), as **Τέντυμον (**Téntumon) would be expected from such a derivation. It also would require a pre-Celtic voicing assimilation of the second dental consonant to *d, because otherwise one would expect **-ddynt to appear in Welsh, not -ddyn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-u-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dindu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dindwā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "dindowom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dindū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "dindubis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*dindu n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dind"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-u-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dindu",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hill"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"citadel, stronghold (stereotypically constructed on hills or comparable high ground)"
],
"links": [
[
"citadel",
"citadel"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "dindu"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dindu meaning in Proto-Celtic (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.