See ārū in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*aren"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *aren\nMiddle Welsh: arenn\nWelsh: aren",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *aren\nMiddle Welsh: arenn\nWelsh: aren"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "áru"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: áru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: áru"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eh₂r-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēn",
"t": "kidney"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēn (“kidney”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*akraną",
"t": "tree fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kidney bean"
},
"expansion": "English kidney bean",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A word of unclear reconstruction, with Brittonic and Goidelic cognates disagreeing on virtually every aspect from initial vowel length to suffixation. There are two main schools of thought:\n* Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés, from *h₂eh₂r- (“kidney”). This would relate the word with Latin rēn (“kidney”). Matasović is forced to posit a root-ablauting declension paradigm to account for the differing vowel lengths in Brittonic and Goidelic.\n* Stüber instead reconstructs *agrinā, which neatly accounts for the differing vowel lengths (the Goidelic long vowel would simply arise from compensatory lengthening as *-g- was lost). Stüber assumes that the n-stem inflection in Old Irish was secondarily acquired. She relates the Celtic words with *agrinyos (“sloe”) and Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”).\nMatasović dismisses Stüber's etymology as semantically nonsensical, but compare English kidney bean for how kidneys may be semantically compared to plant matter. On the other hand, Zair criticizes the ablaut Matasović employs to relate the Goidelic, Brittonic and Latin words as morphologically special pleading, and endorses Stüber.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ārū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ārū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "arenams",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arenos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "arenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arenei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "areni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arene?",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*ārū f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aren",
"2": "ārū"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ārū",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kidney"
],
"id": "en-ārū-cel-pro-noun-HfH8w8ta",
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "ārū"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*aren"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *aren\nMiddle Welsh: arenn\nWelsh: aren",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *aren\nMiddle Welsh: arenn\nWelsh: aren"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "áru"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: áru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: áru"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eh₂r-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rēn",
"t": "kidney"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēn (“kidney”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*akraną",
"t": "tree fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kidney bean"
},
"expansion": "English kidney bean",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A word of unclear reconstruction, with Brittonic and Goidelic cognates disagreeing on virtually every aspect from initial vowel length to suffixation. There are two main schools of thought:\n* Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés, from *h₂eh₂r- (“kidney”). This would relate the word with Latin rēn (“kidney”). Matasović is forced to posit a root-ablauting declension paradigm to account for the differing vowel lengths in Brittonic and Goidelic.\n* Stüber instead reconstructs *agrinā, which neatly accounts for the differing vowel lengths (the Goidelic long vowel would simply arise from compensatory lengthening as *-g- was lost). Stüber assumes that the n-stem inflection in Old Irish was secondarily acquired. She relates the Celtic words with *agrinyos (“sloe”) and Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”).\nMatasović dismisses Stüber's etymology as semantically nonsensical, but compare English kidney bean for how kidneys may be semantically compared to plant matter. On the other hand, Zair criticizes the ablaut Matasović employs to relate the Goidelic, Brittonic and Latin words as morphologically special pleading, and endorses Stüber.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ārū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ārū",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "arenam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "arenams",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arenos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "arenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arenei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "areni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "arene?",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "arenobis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*ārū f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aren",
"2": "ārū"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-cons-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ārū",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eh₂r-"
],
"glosses": [
"kidney"
],
"links": [
[
"kidney",
"kidney"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "ārū"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ārū meaning in Proto-Celtic (4.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.