See -dʊ́ma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeastern Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeast Coast Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Swahili",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "uma",
"3": "-uma"
},
"expansion": "Swahili (G42): -uma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Swahili (G42): -uma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nguni:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nd",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Northern Ndebele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nd",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Northern Ndebele (S44): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Ndebele (S44): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-phu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Phuthi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-phu",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Phuthi (S404): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuthi (S404): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ss",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Swazi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ss",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Swazi (S43): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Swazi (S43): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Xhosa",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xh",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Xhosa (S41): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Xhosa (S41): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Zulu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zu",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Zulu (S42): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Zulu (S42): -luma"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "efi",
"2": "dóm",
"3": "",
"4": "bite"
},
"expansion": "Efik dóm (“bite”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognates outside Bantu include Efik dóm (“bite”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kʊ̀-dʊ́ma",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-pro",
"2": "verb",
"3": "infinitive",
"4": "*kʊ̀-dʊ́ma"
},
"expansion": "*-dʊ́ma (infinitive *kʊ̀-dʊ́ma)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Bantu",
"lang_code": "bnt-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Bantu/-dʊ́ma",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Bantu entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bite"
],
"id": "en--dʊ́ma-bnt-pro-verb-Swb~XZyh",
"links": [
[
"bite",
"bite"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-dʊ́ma"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeastern Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northeast Coast Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Swahili",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "uma",
"3": "-uma"
},
"expansion": "Swahili (G42): -uma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Swahili (G42): -uma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Bantu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nguni:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nd",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Northern Ndebele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nd",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Northern Ndebele (S44): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Ndebele (S44): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-phu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Phuthi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-phu",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Phuthi (S404): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Phuthi (S404): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ss",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Swazi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ss",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Swazi (S43): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Swazi (S43): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Xhosa",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xh",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Xhosa (S41): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Xhosa (S41): -luma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Zulu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zu",
"2": "luma",
"3": "-luma"
},
"expansion": "Zulu (S42): -luma",
"name": "bnt-desc"
}
],
"text": "Zulu (S42): -luma"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "efi",
"2": "dóm",
"3": "",
"4": "bite"
},
"expansion": "Efik dóm (“bite”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognates outside Bantu include Efik dóm (“bite”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kʊ̀-dʊ́ma",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bnt-pro",
"2": "verb",
"3": "infinitive",
"4": "*kʊ̀-dʊ́ma"
},
"expansion": "*-dʊ́ma (infinitive *kʊ̀-dʊ́ma)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Bantu",
"lang_code": "bnt-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Bantu/-dʊ́ma",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Bantu entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Bantu lemmas",
"Proto-Bantu verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to bite"
],
"links": [
[
"bite",
"bite"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-dʊ́ma"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -dʊ́ma meaning in Proto-Bantu (2.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Bantu dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (99a4ed9 and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.