See 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-cen"
},
"expansion": "Central Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ohi",
"2": "काढना"
},
"expansion": "Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)\nHindustani:\nHindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)\nUrdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)\nHindustani:\nHindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)\nUrdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-eas"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "as",
"2": "কঢ়া"
},
"expansion": "Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bn",
"2": "কাড়া"
},
"expansion": "Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai"
},
"expansion": "Maithili:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maithili:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai",
"2": "काढ़ब",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai",
"2": "𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "syl",
"2": "ꠇꠣꠠꠣ"
},
"expansion": "Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-nor"
},
"expansion": "Northern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "काढ्नु"
},
"expansion": "Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bfz",
"2": "गढ़नों",
"3": "गड़नों",
"t": "to take out",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-nwe"
},
"expansion": "Northwestern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northwestern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-opa",
"2": "ਕਢਿ",
"ts": "kaḍḍhi"
},
"expansion": "Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)\nPunjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)\nShahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)\nPunjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)\nShahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd"
},
"expansion": "Sindhi:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sindhi:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "ڪَڍَڻُ",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "कढणु",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-sou"
},
"expansion": "Southern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr"
},
"expansion": "Old Marathi:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Marathi:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "काढणे",
"3": "काहाडणे",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹",
"3": "𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-wes"
},
"expansion": "Western Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ogu",
"2": "काढी",
"pos": "past participle, nominative singular feminine",
"t": "taken out"
},
"expansion": "Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gu",
"2": "કાઢવું"
},
"expansion": "Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-dar",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Dardic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Dardic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "gaḍíi",
"t": "to pull"
},
"expansion": "Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gwc",
"pos": "imperative",
"t": "pull!",
"tr": "gaḍh"
},
"expansion": "Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "af",
"3": "unc",
"4": "sa>कृष्ट>drawn",
"5": "-𑀅𑀇>suffix",
"id": "pull",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷels-\nSanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-Iranian *-tás\nSanskrit -त (-ta)\nSanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?\nPrakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?\nPrakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra"
},
"expansion": "Denominal verb",
"name": "denominal verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "sa",
"3": "कृष्ट",
"t": "drawn, ploughed"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "-𑀅𑀇"
},
"expansion": "-𑀅𑀇 (-aï)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pi",
"2": "kaḍḍhati"
},
"expansion": "Pali kaḍḍhati",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-bhs",
"2": "कट्टति"
},
"expansion": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pgd",
"2": "𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁",
"3": "",
"4": "to drag along"
},
"expansion": "Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "displaced"
},
"expansion": "displaced",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कर्षति",
"3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"t": "to pull",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कर्षति",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”)",
"name": "displaced"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸",
"3": "",
"4": "beard"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ash",
"2": "𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺",
"3": "",
"4": "to be able to"
},
"expansion": "Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀧𑀠𑀫",
"3": "",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*kelH-",
"3": "",
"4": "to rise, be tall; hill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hale",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull, drag"
},
"expansion": "English hale (“to pull, drag”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂eysd-",
"3": "*h₂eys-d-",
"4": "to laud"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ईड्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gwc",
"t": "pull!",
"tr": "gaḍh"
},
"expansion": "Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "gaḍíi",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull"
},
"expansion": "Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bfz",
"2": "गढ़नों"
},
"expansion": "Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷels-\nSanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-Iranian *-tás\nSanskrit -त (-ta)\nSanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?\nPrakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?\nPrakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)\nDenominal verb from Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati), Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”). This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.\nFurther discussion\nBloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology. Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”) (but note that this is actually expected voicing), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.\nSome scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension. Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.\nCompare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”). Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kaḍḍhaï",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "कड्ढइ",
"tags": [
"Devanagari"
]
},
{
"form": "ಕಡ್ಢಇ",
"tags": [
"Kannada"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"10": "{{{m}}}",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{f}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{n}}}",
"2": "verb",
"3": "Devanagari",
"4": "<i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"pra\">कड्ढइ</i>",
"5": "",
"6": "<small>[Term?]</small>",
"7": "Kannada",
"8": "<i class=\"Knda mention\" lang=\"pra\">ಕಡ್ಢಇ</i>",
"9": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇",
"sccat": "1",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"10": "",
"2": "Maharastri",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": ""
},
"expansion": "(Māhārāṣṭrī)",
"name": "tlb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "t",
"10": "",
"2": "m",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"brah": "",
"deva": "",
"head": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇",
"knda": "",
"noalt": "",
"pos": "verb",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)",
"name": "pra-head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "t",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)",
"name": "pra-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Prakrit",
"lang_code": "pra",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Maharastri Prakrit",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Prakrit entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Prakrit entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [
"Entries with etymology trees",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Prakrit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Prakrit terms suffixed with -𑀅𑀇",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Prakrit terms with unexpected voicing",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sindhi terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to pull",
"roman": "āyaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀆𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"roman": "ukkaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"roman": "okaḍḍha",
"word": "𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠"
},
{
"english": "to drag",
"roman": "oyaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀑𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"english": "dragged",
"roman": "pakaḍḍha",
"word": "𑀧𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠"
},
{
"english": "being dragged",
"roman": "pagaḍḍhijjamāṇa",
"word": "𑀧𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀫𑀸𑀡"
},
{
"roman": "payaḍḍhaṇī",
"word": "𑀧𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀡𑀻"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to pull"
],
"id": "en-𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇-pra-verb-OFVmd8R8",
"links": [
[
"pull",
"pull"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇"
},
{
"word": "𑀅𑀁𑀘𑀇"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Motilal Banarsidass",
"fr:Édouard Champion"
]
}
],
"word": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "to pull",
"roman": "āyaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀆𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"roman": "ukkaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"roman": "okaḍḍha",
"word": "𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠"
},
{
"english": "to drag",
"roman": "oyaḍḍhaï",
"word": "𑀑𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
},
{
"english": "dragged",
"roman": "pakaḍḍha",
"word": "𑀧𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠"
},
{
"english": "being dragged",
"roman": "pagaḍḍhijjamāṇa",
"word": "𑀧𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀫𑀸𑀡"
},
{
"roman": "payaḍḍhaṇī",
"word": "𑀧𑀬𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀡𑀻"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-cen"
},
"expansion": "Central Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ohi",
"2": "काढना"
},
"expansion": "Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)\nHindustani:\nHindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)\nUrdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)\nHindustani:\nHindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)\nUrdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-eas"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "as",
"2": "কঢ়া"
},
"expansion": "Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bn",
"2": "কাড়া"
},
"expansion": "Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai"
},
"expansion": "Maithili:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maithili:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai",
"2": "काढ़ब",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mai",
"2": "𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "syl",
"2": "ꠇꠣꠠꠣ"
},
"expansion": "Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-nor"
},
"expansion": "Northern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "काढ्नु"
},
"expansion": "Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bfz",
"2": "गढ़नों",
"3": "गड़नों",
"t": "to take out",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-nwe"
},
"expansion": "Northwestern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Northwestern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-opa",
"2": "ਕਢਿ",
"ts": "kaḍḍhi"
},
"expansion": "Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)\nPunjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)\nShahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)\nPunjabi:\nGurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)\nShahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd"
},
"expansion": "Sindhi:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sindhi:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "ڪَڍَڻُ",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "कढणु",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sd",
"2": "𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "kaḍhaṇu"
},
"expansion": "Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-sou"
},
"expansion": "Southern Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr"
},
"expansion": "Old Marathi:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Marathi:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "काढणे",
"3": "काहाडणे",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹",
"3": "𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-wes"
},
"expansion": "Western Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ogu",
"2": "काढी",
"pos": "past participle, nominative singular feminine",
"t": "taken out"
},
"expansion": "Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gu",
"2": "કાઢવું"
},
"expansion": "Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-dar",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Dardic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Dardic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "gaḍíi",
"t": "to pull"
},
"expansion": "Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gwc",
"pos": "imperative",
"t": "pull!",
"tr": "gaḍh"
},
"expansion": "Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "af",
"3": "unc",
"4": "sa>कृष्ट>drawn",
"5": "-𑀅𑀇>suffix",
"id": "pull",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷels-\nSanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-Iranian *-tás\nSanskrit -त (-ta)\nSanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?\nPrakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?\nPrakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra"
},
"expansion": "Denominal verb",
"name": "denominal verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "sa",
"3": "कृष्ट",
"t": "drawn, ploughed"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "-𑀅𑀇"
},
"expansion": "-𑀅𑀇 (-aï)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pi",
"2": "kaḍḍhati"
},
"expansion": "Pali kaḍḍhati",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-bhs",
"2": "कट्टति"
},
"expansion": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pgd",
"2": "𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁",
"3": "",
"4": "to drag along"
},
"expansion": "Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "displaced"
},
"expansion": "displaced",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कर्षति",
"3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"t": "to pull",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कर्षति",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”)",
"name": "displaced"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸",
"3": "",
"4": "beard"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-ash",
"2": "𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺",
"3": "",
"4": "to be able to"
},
"expansion": "Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀧𑀠𑀫",
"3": "",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*kelH-",
"3": "",
"4": "to rise, be tall; hill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hale",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull, drag"
},
"expansion": "English hale (“to pull, drag”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂eysd-",
"3": "*h₂eys-d-",
"4": "to laud"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ईड्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gwc",
"t": "pull!",
"tr": "gaḍh"
},
"expansion": "Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "gaḍíi",
"3": "",
"4": "to pull"
},
"expansion": "Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bfz",
"2": "गढ़नों"
},
"expansion": "Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷels-\nSanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-Iranian *-tás\nSanskrit -त (-ta)\nSanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?\nPrakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?\nPrakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)\nDenominal verb from Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati), Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”). This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.\nFurther discussion\nBloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology. Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”) (but note that this is actually expected voicing), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.\nSome scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension. Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.\nCompare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”). Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kaḍḍhaï",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "कड्ढइ",
"tags": [
"Devanagari"
]
},
{
"form": "ಕಡ್ಢಇ",
"tags": [
"Kannada"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"10": "{{{m}}}",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{f}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{n}}}",
"2": "verb",
"3": "Devanagari",
"4": "<i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"pra\">कड्ढइ</i>",
"5": "",
"6": "<small>[Term?]</small>",
"7": "Kannada",
"8": "<i class=\"Knda mention\" lang=\"pra\">ಕಡ್ಢಇ</i>",
"9": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇",
"sccat": "1",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"10": "",
"2": "Maharastri",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": ""
},
"expansion": "(Māhārāṣṭrī)",
"name": "tlb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "t",
"10": "",
"2": "m",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"brah": "",
"deva": "",
"head": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇",
"knda": "",
"noalt": "",
"pos": "verb",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)",
"name": "pra-head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "t",
"2": "m"
},
"expansion": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)",
"name": "pra-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Prakrit",
"lang_code": "pra",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Maharastri Prakrit",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Prakrit denominal verbs",
"Prakrit entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Prakrit entries with etymology trees",
"Prakrit entries with incorrect language header",
"Prakrit lemmas",
"Prakrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Prakrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"Prakrit terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Prakrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷels-",
"Prakrit terms derived from the Sanskrit root कृष्",
"Prakrit terms suffixed with -𑀅𑀇",
"Prakrit terms with redundant head parameter",
"Prakrit terms with unexpected voicing",
"Prakrit transitive verbs",
"Prakrit verbs",
"Prakrit verbs in Brahmi script",
"Requests for native script for Kalami terms",
"Sindhi terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"glosses": [
"to pull"
],
"links": [
[
"pull",
"pull"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇"
},
{
"word": "𑀅𑀁𑀘𑀇"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Motilal Banarsidass",
"fr:Édouard Champion"
]
}
],
"word": "𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 meaning in Prakrit (14.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Prakrit dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.