"naskakiwać" meaning in Polish

See naskakiwać in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /na.skaˈki.vat͡ɕ/
Rhymes: -ivat͡ɕ Etymology: From na- + skakać + -iwać. Etymology templates: {{af|pl|na-|skakać|-iwać}} na- + skakać + -iwać Head templates: {{pl-verb|impf|pf=naskoczyć}} naskakiwać impf (perfective naskoczyć) Inflection templates: {{pl-conj-ai-uję|naskak|alt=i}}, {{pl-conj-ai|naskakiwać|naskakuję|naskakuje|naskakują|naskakiwa|naskakiwa|naskakiwa|naskakuj|ip=naskakiwano|pp=|pp2=|vn=naskakiwanie}} Forms: naskoczyć [perfective], imperfective [table-tags], naskakiwać [infinitive], naskakuję [present, singular], naskakujemy [plural, present], naskakujesz [present, singular], naskakujecie [plural, present], naskakuje [present, singular, third-person], naskakują [plural, present, third-person], naskakuje się [impersonal, present], naskakiwałem [masculine, past, singular], -(e)m naskakiwał [masculine, past, singular], naskakiwałam [feminine, past, singular], -(e)m naskakiwała [feminine, past, singular], naskakiwałom [neuter, past, singular], -(e)m naskakiwało [neuter, past, singular], naskakiwaliśmy [past, plural, virile], -(e)śmy naskakiwali [past, plural, virile], naskakiwałyśmy [nonvirile, past, plural], -(e)śmy naskakiwały [nonvirile, past, plural], naskakiwałeś [masculine, past, singular], -(e)ś naskakiwał [masculine, past, singular], naskakiwałaś [feminine, past, singular], -(e)ś naskakiwała [feminine, past, singular], naskakiwałoś [neuter, past, singular], -(e)ś naskakiwało [neuter, past, singular], naskakiwaliście [past, plural, virile], -(e)ście naskakiwali [past, plural, virile], naskakiwałyście [nonvirile, past, plural], -(e)ście naskakiwały [nonvirile, past, plural], naskakiwał [masculine, past, singular, third-person], naskakiwała [feminine, past, singular, third-person], naskakiwało [neuter, past, singular, third-person], naskakiwali [past, plural, third-person, virile], naskakiwały [nonvirile, past, plural, third-person], naskakiwano [impersonal, past], będę naskakiwał [future, masculine, singular], będę naskakiwać [future, masculine, singular], będę naskakiwała [feminine, future, singular], będę naskakiwać [feminine, future, singular], będę naskakiwało [future, neuter, singular], będę naskakiwać [future, neuter, singular], będziemy naskakiwali [future, plural, virile], będziemy naskakiwać [future, plural, virile], będziemy naskakiwały [future, nonvirile, plural], będziemy naskakiwać [future, nonvirile, plural], będziesz naskakiwał [future, masculine, singular], będziesz naskakiwać [future, masculine, singular], będziesz naskakiwała [feminine, future, singular], będziesz naskakiwać [feminine, future, singular], będziesz naskakiwało [future, neuter, singular], będziesz naskakiwać [future, neuter, singular], będziecie naskakiwali [future, plural, virile], będziecie naskakiwać [future, plural, virile], będziecie naskakiwały [future, nonvirile, plural], będziecie naskakiwać [future, nonvirile, plural], będzie naskakiwał [future, masculine, singular, third-person], będzie naskakiwać [future, masculine, singular, third-person], będzie naskakiwała [feminine, future, singular, third-person], będzie naskakiwać [feminine, future, singular, third-person], będzie naskakiwało [future, neuter, singular, third-person], będzie naskakiwać [future, neuter, singular, third-person], będą naskakiwali [future, plural, third-person, virile], będą naskakiwać [future, plural, third-person, virile], będą naskakiwały [future, nonvirile, plural, third-person], będą naskakiwać [future, nonvirile, plural, third-person], będzie naskakiwać się [future, impersonal], naskakiwałbym [conditional, masculine, singular], bym naskakiwał [conditional, masculine, singular], naskakiwałabym [conditional, feminine, singular], bym naskakiwała [conditional, feminine, singular], naskakiwałobym [conditional, neuter, singular], bym naskakiwało [conditional, neuter, singular], naskakiwalibyśmy [conditional, plural, virile], byśmy naskakiwali [conditional, plural, virile], naskakiwałybyśmy [conditional, nonvirile, plural], byśmy naskakiwały [conditional, nonvirile, plural], naskakiwałbyś [conditional, masculine, singular], byś naskakiwał [conditional, masculine, singular], naskakiwałabyś [conditional, feminine, singular], byś naskakiwała [conditional, feminine, singular], naskakiwałobyś [conditional, neuter, singular], byś naskakiwało [conditional, neuter, singular], naskakiwalibyście [conditional, plural, virile], byście naskakiwali [conditional, plural, virile], naskakiwałybyście [conditional, nonvirile, plural], byście naskakiwały [conditional, nonvirile, plural], naskakiwałby [conditional, masculine, singular, third-person], by naskakiwał [conditional, masculine, singular, third-person], naskakiwałaby [conditional, feminine, singular, third-person], by naskakiwała [conditional, feminine, singular, third-person], naskakiwałoby [conditional, neuter, singular, third-person], by naskakiwało [conditional, neuter, singular, third-person], naskakiwaliby [conditional, plural, third-person, virile], by naskakiwali [conditional, plural, third-person, virile], naskakiwałyby [conditional, nonvirile, plural, third-person], by naskakiwały [conditional, nonvirile, plural, third-person], naskakiwano by [conditional, impersonal], niech naskakuję [imperative, singular], naskakujmy [imperative, plural], naskakuj [imperative, singular], naskakujcie [imperative, plural], niech naskakuje [imperative, singular, third-person], niech naskakują [imperative, plural, third-person], naskakujący [active, adjectival, masculine, participle, singular], naskakująca [active, adjectival, feminine, participle, singular], naskakujące [active, adjectival, neuter, participle, singular], naskakujący [active, adjectival, participle, plural, virile], naskakujące [active, adjectival, nonvirile, participle, plural], naskakując [adjectival, contemporary, participle], naskakiwanie [noun-from-verb]
  1. (intransitive) to jump onto [with na (+ accusative) ‘onto something’] Tags: imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-naskakiwać-pl-verb-bOjiHj0U Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish terms prefixed with na-, Polish terms suffixed with -iwać Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 92 8 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 94 6 Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 91 9 Disambiguation of Polish terms prefixed with na-: 59 41 Disambiguation of Polish terms suffixed with -iwać: 80 20
  2. (intransitive) to go off, to snap, to bite the head off [with na (+ accusative) ‘at someone’] Tags: imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-naskakiwać-pl-verb-LWsMzxqi
     
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "na-",
        "3": "skakać",
        "4": "-iwać"
      },
      "expansion": "na- + skakać + -iwać",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From na- + skakać + -iwać.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "naskoczyć",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-conj-ai-uję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujemy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujesz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujecie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakują",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuje się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałeś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwano",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałbym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałabym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałobym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwalibyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałybyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałbyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałabyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałobyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwalibyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałybyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałaby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałoby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwano by",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakuję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujcie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakują",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujący",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakująca",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujące",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujący",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujące",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakując",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "contemporary",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwanie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "pf": "naskoczyć"
      },
      "expansion": "naskakiwać impf (perfective naskoczyć)",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "na‧ska‧ki‧wać"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "naskak",
        "alt": "i"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-ai-uję"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "naskakiwać",
        "2": "naskakuję",
        "3": "naskakuje",
        "4": "naskakują",
        "5": "naskakiwa",
        "6": "naskakiwa",
        "7": "naskakiwa",
        "8": "naskakuj",
        "ip": "naskakiwano",
        "pp": "",
        "pp2": "",
        "vn": "naskakiwanie"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-ai"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "92 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "94 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 41",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish terms prefixed with na-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "80 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish terms suffixed with -iwać",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to jump onto"
      ],
      "id": "en-naskakiwać-pl-verb-bOjiHj0U",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":na(acc)<onto something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with na (+ accusative) ‘onto something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "na",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘onto",
              "something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "jump",
          "jump"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to jump onto [with na (+ accusative) ‘onto something’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to go off, to snap, to bite the head off"
      ],
      "id": "en-naskakiwać-pl-verb-LWsMzxqi",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":na(acc)<at someone>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with na (+ accusative) ‘at someone’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "na",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘at",
              "someone’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "go off",
          "go off"
        ],
        [
          "snap",
          "snap"
        ],
        [
          "bite the head off",
          "bite someone's head off"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to go off, to snap, to bite the head off [with na (+ accusative) ‘at someone’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/na.skaˈki.vat͡ɕ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ivat͡ɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "naskakiwać"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Polish 4-syllable words",
    "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Polish imperfective verbs",
    "Polish lemmas",
    "Polish terms prefixed with na-",
    "Polish terms suffixed with -iwać",
    "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
    "Polish verbs",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ivat͡ɕ",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ivat͡ɕ/4 syllables"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "na-",
        "3": "skakać",
        "4": "-iwać"
      },
      "expansion": "na- + skakać + -iwać",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From na- + skakać + -iwać.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "naskoczyć",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-conj-ai-uję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujemy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujesz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujecie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakują",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuje się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)m naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)śmy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałeś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ś naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-(e)ście naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwano",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będę naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziemy naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziesz naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będziecie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "future",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będą naskakiwać",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "będzie naskakiwać się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałbym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałabym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałobym",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bym naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwalibyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałybyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byśmy naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałbyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałabyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałobyś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byś naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwalibyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałybyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byście naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwał",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałaby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwała",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałoby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwało",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwaliby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwałyby",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "by naskakiwały",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "nonvirile",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwano by",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "impersonal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakuję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujcie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "niech naskakują",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujący",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakująca",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujące",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujący",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "participle",
        "plural",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakujące",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "adjectival",
        "nonvirile",
        "participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakując",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adjectival",
        "contemporary",
        "participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "naskakiwanie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "pf": "naskoczyć"
      },
      "expansion": "naskakiwać impf (perfective naskoczyć)",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "na‧ska‧ki‧wać"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "naskak",
        "alt": "i"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-ai-uję"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "naskakiwać",
        "2": "naskakuję",
        "3": "naskakuje",
        "4": "naskakują",
        "5": "naskakiwa",
        "6": "naskakiwa",
        "7": "naskakiwa",
        "8": "naskakuj",
        "ip": "naskakiwano",
        "pp": "",
        "pp2": "",
        "vn": "naskakiwanie"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-ai"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to jump onto"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":na(acc)<onto something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with na (+ accusative) ‘onto something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "na",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘onto",
              "something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "jump",
          "jump"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to jump onto [with na (+ accusative) ‘onto something’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to go off, to snap, to bite the head off"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": ":na(acc)<at someone>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with na (+ accusative) ‘at someone’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "na",
              "(+",
              "accusative)",
              "‘at",
              "someone’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "go off",
          "go off"
        ],
        [
          "snap",
          "snap"
        ],
        [
          "bite the head off",
          "bite someone's head off"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to go off, to snap, to bite the head off [with na (+ accusative) ‘at someone’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/na.skaˈki.vat͡ɕ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ivat͡ɕ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "naskakiwać"
}

Download raw JSONL data for naskakiwać meaning in Polish (13.5kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.